Dpto. Proyectos e Ingeniería Rural - Landa Ingeniaritza eta Proiektuak Saila
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Publication Open Access Bulk optical of potato flesh in the 500 – 1900 nm range(Springer US, 2015) López Maestresalas, Ainara; Aernouts, Ben; Van Beers, Robbe; Arazuri Garín, Silvia; Jarén Ceballos, Carmen; Baerdemaeker, Josse de; Saeys, Wouter; Proyectos e Ingeniería Rural; Landa Ingeniaritza eta Proiektuak; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate PublikoaIn this study, the optical properties of potato flesh tissue were estimated using double-integrating sphere (DIS) measurements combined with an inverse adding-doubling (IAD) light propagation model. Total reflectance, total transmittance, and unscattered transmittance were measured for the wavelength range 500– 1900 nm with 5-nm resolution. From these measurements, the bulk optical properties (absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, and anisotropy factor) of 53 potato tubers of the Hermes cultivar were estimated. The estimated absorption coefficient spectra were dominated by water and starch absorption bands, the main chemical components of potato tissue. Comparison of these values to those reported in literature for similar products showed comparable absorption profiles. The obtained scattering coefficient spectra showed a smooth decrease from 166 to 160 cm−1 in the near-infrared (NIR) spectral range with increasing wavelength, which is common for biological tissues. The anisotropy factor spectra obtained for the full wavelength range studied ranged between 0.949 and 0.959 with a maximum variability of 0.009 among the set of samples used. The information obtained in this study is essential to understand the effects of absorption and scattering on the propagation of light through the potato tubers in order to design more efficient sensors for non-destructive quality evaluation.Publication Open Access Evaluation of mechanical tomato harvesting using wireless sensors(MDPI, 2010) Arazuri Garín, Silvia; Arana Navarro, Ignacio; Jarén Ceballos, Carmen; Proyectos e Ingeniería Rural; Landa Ingeniaritza eta ProiektuakThe harvesting of processing tomatoes is fully mechanised and it is well known that during harvest, fruits are subjected to mechanical stress causing physical injuries, including skin punctures, pulp and cell rupture. Some wireless sensors have been used for research during recent years with the main purpose of reducing the quality loss of tomato fruits by diminishing the number and intensity of impacts. In this study the IRD (impact recorder device) sensor was used to evaluate several tomato harvesters. The specific objectives were to evaluate the impacts during mechanical harvest using a wireless sensor, to determine the critical points at which damage occurs, and to assess the damage levels. Samples were taken to determine the influence of mechanical harvest on texture, or on other quality characteristics including percentage of damages. From the obtained data it has been possible to identify the critical points where the damages were produced for each one of the five harvester models examined. The highest risk of damage was in zone 1 of the combine—from the cutting system to the colour selector—because the impacts were of higher intensity and hit less absorbing surfaces than in zone 2—from colour selector to discharge. The shaker and exit from the shaker are two of the harvester elements that registered the highest intensity impacts. By adjusting, in a specific way each harvester model, using the results from this research, it has been possible to reduce the tomato damage percentage from 20 to 29% to less than 10%.Publication Open Access Evaluation of risk factors in fatal accidents in agriculture(Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 2010) Arana Navarro, Ignacio; Mangado Ederra, Jesús; Arnal Atarés, Pedro; Arazuri Garín, Silvia; Alfaro López, José Ramón; Jarén Ceballos, Carmen; Proyectos e Ingeniería Rural; Landa Ingeniaritza eta ProiektuakEn el ámbito agrario se producen anualmente muchos accidentes mortales, no siendo todos ellos registrados oficialmente como accidentes laborales. El objetivo de esta investigación es comparar los datos reales y oficiales de accidentes agrícolas mortales y caracterizar los principales riesgos asociados a ellos. Un estudio sobre 388 accidentes mortales ocurridos en España con maquinaria agrícola en los últimos cinco años ha mostrado que sólo el 61,85% de ellos ha tenido carácter oficial. Las personas mayores fueron el sector de la población con un mayor riesgo, seguidos de los niños y las personas ajenas al sector agrario. La mayoría de las muertes registradas fueron debidas al vuelco de tractores sin estructuras de protección. De las 272 muertes causadas por accidentes con vuelco del tractor, sólo una sucedió en un tractor con estructura de protección homologada. La mayoría de los vuelcos se produjo en trayectos por carreteras o caminos, aunque las fuertes pendientes y los baches también son un factor de riesgo. Se han caracterizado once factores de riesgo y se ha comprobado que para que ocurra un accidente generalmente es necesario que confluyan, al menos, dos factores de riesgo y que la mayoría de los accidentes son causados por la concurrencia de tres o más de estos factores. Todos los accidentes son evitables porque requieren la coincidencia de más de un factor de riesgo. Si intentamos evitar todos los factores de riesgo, es posible que exista uno de estos factores, pero es muy difícil que concurran dos o más de ellos a la vez.Publication Open Access Mathematical models to describe the volumetric shrinkage rate of red beans during drying(Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola, 2011) Correa, P. C.; Resende, O.; Arazuri Garín, Silvia; Jarén Ceballos, Carmen; Oliveira, Gabriel H. H. de; Proyectos e Ingeniería Rural; Landa Ingeniaritza eta ProiektuakThe present study aimed to determine the volumetric shrinkage rate of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds during air-drying under different conditions of air, temperature and relative humidity, and to adjust several mathematical models to the empiric values observed, and select the one that best represents the phenomenon. Six mathematical models were adjusted to the experimental values to represent the phenomenon. It was determined the degree of adjustment of each model from the value of the coefficient of determination, the behavior of the distribution of the residuals, and the magnitude of the average relative and estimated errors. The rate of volumetric shrinkage that occurred in bean seeds during drying is between 25 and 37%. It basically depends on the final moisture content, regardless of the air conditions during drying. The Modified Bala & Woods’ model best represented the process.Publication Open Access A multi-year analysis of traffic accidents involving agricultural tractors(AIDIC, 2017) Arnal Atarés, Pedro; López Maestresalas, Ainara; Arazuri Garín, Silvia; Mangado Ederra, Jesús; Jarén Ceballos, Carmen; Proyectos e Ingeniería Rural; Landa Ingeniaritza eta ProiektuakThe agricultural sector in Spain is responsible for a high rate of accidents every year, and many of them are traffic accidents. Tractors are a relatively rare sight on roads, meaning that the incidence of accidents involving these vehicles is relatively low, however, an above-average number of people are seriously injured or killed as a result of such accidents. Tractors are considered responsible for the majority of the occupational accidents in agriculture. Moreover, tractor overturns stand out as the principal cause of fatal accidents mainly because those accidents involved tractors without rollover protective structures (ROPS). Despite the obligation for all tractors of having a protective structure, the incidence rate of accidents with sick leave followed a rising line in the last ten years. Thus, in this study an analysis of the data of traffic accidents involving agricultural tractors in Spain, during the 2004-2013 period, is developed in order to identify the main risk factors that influence them. Official data from the “Statistical Yearbook of Accidents” published annually were used. A total of 2892 accidents were analysed. The results obtained showed that the incidence rate of both accidents and deaths were lower in accidents involving tractors than in general ones, but the consequences were more severe. In addition, the majority of accidents producing victims happened in interurban roads involving two or more vehicles. Defects in the lighting and brake systems were identified as risk of producing an accident. In the majority of the cases, the driver was the only victim of the crash. The total number of victims showed a decreasing tendency while the fatality index remained constant. The age of driver was reported to directly influence the number of accidents, with a high proportion of drivers over 45 years old. The main offences committed by drivers were related to inadequate speed and distracted driving. As much as possible we put our findings in an international context.Publication Open Access Near-infrared spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging for non-destructive quality inspection of potatoes(2016) López Maestresalas, Ainara; Jarén Ceballos, Carmen; Arazuri Garín, Silvia; Proyectos e Ingeniería Rural; Landa Ingeniaritza eta ProiektuakLa patata (Solanum tuberosum L.) es uno de los cultivos más importantes en el mundo, ocupando el quinto puesto en términos de producción. España es uno de los países europeos con mayor producción y consumo de estos tubérculos. Sin embargo, a pesar de ser un producto altamente valorado, la industria de la patata se enfrenta a la demanda cada vez más creciente de productos de calidad, sanos y libres de daños por parte de consumidores y organismo reguladores. La aceptación en el mercado de estos alimentos depende de varios factores, como son, el aspecto general, textura, color, ausencia de defectos físicos, etc. Resulta imprescindible por tanto suministrar productos de gran calidad que gusten al consumidor final. Con este objetivo, la presente tesis doctoral se centra en ofrecer herramientas para un mayor control de la calidad de manera no destructiva, eficaz y sostenible. Para ello, se presentan diferentes estudios en los cuales se han diseñado, desarrollado y evaluado técnicas espectroscópicas no destructivas para el análisis de calidad en tubérculos de patata. Se ha llevado a cabo en primer lugar una caracterización óptica de los tejidos de patata en el rango visible e infrarrojo (500-1900 nm) mediante el uso de Dobles Esferas Integradoras, para entender los efectos de absorción y dispersión que se producen en los tejidos biológicos y así poder diseñar sensores más eficientes para la evaluación de la calidad de forma no destructiva. Además, se ha realizado una clasificación y determinación de compuestos químicos en patata mediante espectroscopía NIR y el uso de técnicas quimiométricas de análisis multivariante. Por último, se ha diseñado y evaluado un sistema de detección de daños internos en patata, no apreciables a simple vista, mediante análisis de imágenes hiperespectrales obtenidas en el rango visible, de 400 a 1000 nm, e infrarrojo (1000-2500 nm) del espectro. Los resultados obtenidos en estos estudios muestran, por un lado, cómo los espectros de absorción están fuertemente influenciados por la alta concentración de agua de las muestras y, por otro, cómo los tejidos de patata son altamente dispersivos, con unos valores del factor de anisotropía muy cercanos a 1 a lo largo de todo el rango espectral estudiado. Además, se ha conseguido clasificar una colección de 18 cultivares de patata de acuerdo a su contenido en polifenoles, antocianinas y capacidad antioxidante, mediante el empleo de un equipo NIRS con tecnología AOTF, con una precisión de 86.1%. Esto permite la incorporación de estas metodologías en la selección de líneas con alta concentración de los compuestos químicos deseados en programas de mejora genética. De forma similar, se ha logrado estimar la concentración de proteína bruta (R2: 0.86; SEP: 0.68), nitrógeno (R2: 0.86; SEP: 0.11) y polifenoles (R2: 0.83; SEP: 1.33), en un grupo de muestras con alta variabilidad, de manera no destructiva empleando el mismo equipo combinado con análisis de regresión por mínimos cuadrados parciales. Finalmente, los resultados obtenidos en el análisis de imágenes hiperespectrales han permitido discriminar patatas sanas de aquéllas con daño interno con una fiabilidad superior al 98% mediante un análisis discriminante por mínimos cuadrados parciales. Al mismo tiempo, se ha logrado identificar la presencia de daño interno en tubérculos 5 horas después de haberlo inducido, con una precisión de 97.12%. Esto permite localizar tubérculos afectados en las primeras fases de desarrollo del daño y por tanto evitar que lleguen al consumidor final. Los resultados obtenidos en esta tesis doctoral podrían emplearse para una futura implementación de estas técnicas espectroscópicas no destructivas en líneas reales de manipulación y envasado de patata.Publication Open Access Non-destructive detection of blackspot in potatoes by Vis-NIR and SWIR hyperspectral imaging(Elsevier, 2016) López Maestresalas, Ainara; Keresztes, Janos C.; Goodarzi, Mohammad; Arazuri Garín, Silvia; Jarén Ceballos, Carmen; Saeys, Wouter; Proyectos e Ingeniería Rural; Landa Ingeniaritza eta Proiektuak; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate PublikoaBlackspot is a subsurface potato damage resulting from impacts during harvesting. This type of bruising represents substantial economic losses every year. As the tubers do not show external symptoms, bruise detection in potatoes is not straightforward. Therefore, a nondestructive and accurate method capable of identifying bruised tubers is needed. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has been shown to be able to detect other subsurface defects such as bruises in apples. This method is nondestructive, fast and can be fully automated. Therefore, its potential for non-destructive detection of blackspot in potatoes has been investigated in this study. Two HSI setups were used, one ranging from 400 to 1000 nm, named VisibleNear Infrared (Vis-NIR) and another covering the 1000e2500 nm range, called Short Wave Infrared (SWIR). 188 samples belonging to 3 different varieties were divided in two groups. Bruises were manually induced and samples were analyzed 1, 5, 9 and 24 h after bruising. PCA, SIMCA and PLS-DA were used to build classifiers. The PLS-DA model performed better than SIMCA, achieving an overall correct classification rate above 94% for both hyperspectral setups. Furthermore, more accurate results were obtained with the SWIR setup at the tuber level (98.56 vs. 95.46% CC), allowing the identification of early bruises within 5 h after bruising. Moreover, the pixel based PLS- DA model achieved better results in the SWIR setup in terms of correctly classified samples (93.71 vs. 90.82% CC) suggesting that it is possible to detect blackspot areas in each potato tuber with high accuracy.Publication Open Access Phytochemicals determination and classification in purple and red fleshed potato tubers by analytical methods and near infrared spectroscopy(Wiley, 2016) Tierno, Roberto; López Maestresalas, Ainara; Riga, Patrick; Arazuri Garín, Silvia; Jarén Ceballos, Carmen; Ruiz de Galarreta, José Ignacio; Proyectos e Ingeniería Rural; Landa Ingeniaritza eta ProiektuakBACKGROUND: Over the last two decades, the attractive colours and shapes of pigmented tubers and the increasing concern about the relationship between nutrition and health have contributed to the expansion of their consumption and a specialty market. Thus, we have quantified the concentration of health promoting compounds such as soluble phenolics, monomeric anthocyanins, carotenoids, vitamin C, and hydrophilic antioxidant capacity, in a collection of 18 purple- and red-fleshed potato accessions. RESULTS: Cultivars and breeding lines high in vitamin C, such as Blue Congo, Morada and Kasta, have been identified. Deep purple cultivars Violet Queen, Purple Peruvian and Vitelotte showed high levels of soluble phenolics, monomeric anthocyanins, and hydrophilic antioxidant capacity, whereas relatively high carotenoid concentrations were found in partially yellow coloured tubers, such as Morada, Highland Burgundy Red, and Violet Queen. CONCLUSION: The present characterisation of cultivars and breeding lines with high concentrations of phytochemicals is an important step both to support the consideration of specialty potatoes as a source of healthy compounds, and to obtain new cultivars with positive nutritional characteristics. Moreover, by using near infrared spectroscopy a non-destructive identification and classification of samples with different levels of phytochemicals is achieved, offering an unquestionable contribution to the potato industry for future automatic discrimination of varieties.Publication Open Access Prediction of main potato compounds by NIRS(AIDIC, 2017) López Maestresalas, Ainara; Pérez Roncal, Claudia; Tierno, Roberto; Arazuri Garín, Silvia; Ruiz de Galarreta, José Ignacio; Jarén Ceballos, Carmen; Proyectos e Ingeniería Rural; Landa Ingeniaritza eta Proiektuak; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate PublikoaPotato (Solanum tuberosum, L) compounds are generally determined by analytical methods including gasliquid chromatography (GLC), HPLC and UV-VIS spectrophotometry. These methods require a lot of time and are destructive. Therefore, they seem to be not suitable for in-line applications in the food industry. Nearinfrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a technique that presents some advantages over reference methods for quantitative analysis of agricultural and food products since it is fast, reliable and non-destructive. For this reason, in this study, quantitative analyses were carried out to determine main compounds in potatoes using NIRS. Potato tubers grown in two consecutive years were used for the analyses. NIR spectral acquisition was acquired on lyophilized samples. In year 1, a total of 135 samples were used while 228 samples were used in year 2. Lyophilized samples were also scanned by NIRS, two replicates per samples were acquired and the mean spectrum of each sample was used for the analysis. Different chemical analyses were carried out each year. Thus, in year 1 the following parameters were quantified: reducing sugars (RS) and nitrogen (N), whereas in year 2, total soluble phenolics (TSP) and hydrophilic antioxidant capacity (HAC) were extracted and quantified. Then, chemometric analyses were performed using Unscrambler X (version 10.3, CAMO software AS, Oslo, Norway) to correlate wet chemical analysis with spectral data. Quantitative analyses based on PLS regression models were developed in order to predict the above chemical compounds of tubers in a non-destructive manner. Good PLS regression models were obtained for the prediction of nitrogen and TSP with coefficients of determination (R2) above 0.83. Moreover, PLS models obtained for the estimation of HAC could be used for screening and approximate calibrations.Publication Open Access Proyecto Agroinc: prevención del impacto ambiental de incendios provocados por cosechadoras(Interempresas Media, 2022) Arazuri Garín, Silvia; Mangado Ederra, Jesús; López Maestresalas, Ainara; López Molina, Carlos; Angulo Muñoz, Blanca; Arnal Atarés, Pedro; Jarén Ceballos, Carmen; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza; Estadística, Informática y Matemáticas; Estatistika, Informatika eta Matematika; Proyectos e Ingeniería Rural; Landa Ingeniaritza eta Proiektuak; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako GobernuaLas cosechadoras de cereales, por las condiciones ambientales en las que trabajan, alta temperatura y baja humedad, tanto ambiental como del producto que están cosechando, pueden provocar accidentalmente incendios durante la época de recolección. Los daños económicos y medioambientales que estos incendios suponen pueden ser muy importantes, ya que las condiciones de propagación del fuego son óptimas. Los principales objetivos de este proyecto han sido evaluar el impacto ambiental de los incendios producidos en Navarra en los últimos años y establecer una guía de buenas prácticas para su prevención.Publication Open Access A review of the application of near-infrared spectroscopy for the analysis of potatoes(American Chemical Society, 2013) López Maestresalas, Ainara; Arazuri Garín, Silvia; García Ruiz, Ignacio; Mangado Ederra, Jesús; Jarén Ceballos, Carmen; Proyectos e Ingeniería Rural; Landa Ingeniaritza eta Proiektuak; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako GobernuaPotato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important crops in the world being considered as a staple food in many developing countries. The potato industry like other vegetable and fruit industries is subject to the current demand of quality products. In order to meet this challenge, the food industry is relying on the adoption of nondestructive and environmentally friendly techniques to determine quality of products. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is currently one of the most advanced nondestructive technologies regarding instrumentation and application, and it also complies with the environment requirements as it does not generate emissions or waste. This paper reviews research progress on the analysis of potatoes by NIRS both in terms of determination of constituents and classification according to the different constituents of the tubers. A brief description of the fundamentals of NIRS technology and its advantages over other quality assessment techniques is included. Finally, future prospects of the development of NIRS technology at the industrial level are explored.