Browsing by Author "Aguirre Gallego, Erik"
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Publication Open Access Analysis and description of HOLTIN service provision for AECG monitoring in complex indoor environments(MDPI, 2013) Led Ramos, Santiago; Azpilicueta FernĆ”ndez de las Heras, Leyre; Aguirre Gallego, Erik; MartĆnez de Espronceda CĆ”mara, Miguel; Serrano Arriezu, Luis Javier; Falcone Lanas, Francisco; IngenierĆa ElĆ©ctrica y ElectrĆ³nica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta ElektronikoaIn this work, a novel ambulatory ECG monitoring device developed in-house called HOLTIN is analyzed when operating in complex indoor scenarios. The HOLTIN system is described, from the technological platform level to its functional model. In addition, by using in-house 3D ray launching simulation code, the wireless channel behavior, which enables ubiquitous operation, is performed. The effect of human body presence is taken into account by a novel simplified model embedded within the 3D Ray Launching code. Simulation as well as measurement results are presented, showing good agreement. These results may aid in the adequate deployment of this novel device to automate conventional medical processes, increasing the coverage radius and optimizing energy consumption.Publication Open Access Analysis of bluetooth-based wireless sensor networks performance in hospital environments(MDPI, 2016) LĆ³pez Iturri, Peio; Led Ramos, Santiago; Aguirre Gallego, Erik; Azpilicueta FernĆ”ndez de las Heras, Leyre; Serrano Arriezu, Luis Javier; Falcone Lanas, Francisco; IngenierĆa ElĆ©ctrica y ElectrĆ³nica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta ElektronikoaIn this work, a method to analyze the performance of Bluetooth-based Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) deployed within hospital environments is presented. Due to the complexity that this kind of scenarios exhibit in terms of radio propagation and coexistence with other wireless communication systems and other potential interference sources, the deployment of WSNs becomes a complex task which requires an in-depth radio planning analysis. For that purpose, simulation results obtained with the aid of an in-house developed 3D Ray Launching code are presented. The scenarios under analysis are located at the Hospital of Navarre Complex (HNC), in the city of Pamplona. As hospitals have a wide variety of scenarios, the analysis has been carried out in different zones such as Boxes, where different medical sensors based on Bluetooth communication protocol have been deployed. The simulation results obtained have been validated with measurements within the scenario under analysis, exhibiting Bluetooth-based WSNs performance within hospital environments in terms of coverage/capacity relations. The proposed methodology can aid in obtaining optimal network configuration and hence performance of Bluetooth-based WSNs within medical/health service provision environments.Publication Open Access Analysis of radio wave propagation for ISM 2.4 GHz wireless sensor networks in inhomogeneous vegetation environments(MDPI, 2014) Azpilicueta FernĆ”ndez de las Heras, Leyre; LĆ³pez Iturri, Peio; Aguirre Gallego, Erik; Mateo Zozaya, Ignacio; Astrain Escola, JosĆ© Javier; Villadangos Alonso, JesĆŗs; Falcone Lanas, Francisco; IngenierĆa ElĆ©ctrica y ElectrĆ³nica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; IngenierĆa MatemĆ”tica e InformĆ”tica; Matematika eta Informatika IngeniaritzaThe use of wireless networks has experienced exponential growth due to the improvements in terms of battery life and low consumption of the devices. However, it is compulsory to conduct previous radio propagation analysis when deploying a wireless sensor network. These studies are necessary to perform an estimation of the range coverage, in order to optimize the distance between devices in an actual network deployment. In this work, the radio channel characterization for ISM 2.4 GHz Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in an inhomogeneous vegetation environment has been analyzed. This analysis allows designing environment monitoring tools based on ZigBee and WiFi where WSN and smartphones cooperate, providing rich and customized monitoring information to users in a friendly manner. The impact of topology as well as morphology of the environment is assessed by means of an in-house developed 3D Ray Launching code, to emulate the realistic operation in the framework of the scenario. Experimental results gathered from a measurement campaign conducted by deploying a ZigBee Wireless Sensor Network, are analyzed and compared with simulations in this paper. The scenario where this network is intended to operate is a combination of buildings and diverse vegetation species. To gain insight in the effects of radio propagation, a simplified vegetation model has been developed, considering the material parameters and simplified geometry embedded in the simulation scenario. An initial location-based application has been implemented in a real scenario, to test the functionality within a context aware scenario. The use of deterministic tools can aid to know the impact of the topological influence in the deployment of the optimal Wireless Sensor Network in terms of capacity, coverage and energy consumption, making the use of these systems attractive for multiple applications in inhomogeneous vegetation environments.Publication Open Access Analysis of radio wave propagation for ISM 2.4GHz wireless sensor networks in inhomogeneous vegetation environments(2014) Azpilicueta FernĆ”ndez de las Heras, Leyre; LĆ³pez Iturri, Peio; Aguirre Gallego, Erik; Astrain Escola, JosĆ© Javier; Villadangos Alonso, JesĆŗs; Falcone Lanas, Francisco; IngenierĆa ElĆ©ctrica y ElectrĆ³nica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; IngenierĆa MatemĆ”tica e InformĆ”tica; Matematika eta Informatika IngeniaritzaThe use of wireless networks has been extended in an exponential growing due to the improvement in terms of battery life and low consumption of the devices. However, it is highly important to conduct previous radio propagation analysis when deploying a wireless sensor network. These studies are necessary to perform an estimation of the range coverage, in order to optimize the distance between devices in an actual network deployment. In this work, the radio channel characterization for ISM 2.4GHz Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) in an inhomogeneous vegetation environment has been analyzed. The impact of topology as well as morphology of the environment is assessed by means of an in-house developed 3D Ray Launching code, to emulate the realistic operation in the framework of the scenario. Experimental results gathered from a measurements campaign conducted by deploying a ZigBee Wireless Sensor Network, are analyzed and compared with simulations in this paper. The scenario where this network is intended to operate is a combination of buildings and diverse vegetation species. To gain insight in the effects of radio propagation, a simplified vegetation model has been developed, considering the material parameters and simplified geometry embedded in the simulation scenario. The use of deterministic tools can aid to know the impact of the topological influence in the deployment of the optimal Wireless Sensor Network in terms of capacity, coverage and energy consumption, making the use of these systems attractive for multiple applications in inhomogeneous vegetation environments.Publication Open Access Analysis of wireless sensor network topology and estimation of optimal network deployment by deterministic radio channel characterization(MDPI, 2015) Aguirre Gallego, Erik; LĆ³pez Iturri, Peio; Azpilicueta FernĆ”ndez de las Heras, Leyre; Astrain Escola, JosĆ© Javier; Villadangos Alonso, JesĆŗs; Falcone Lanas, Francisco; IngenierĆa ElĆ©ctrica y ElectrĆ³nica; IngenierĆa MatemĆ”tica e InformĆ”tica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Matematika eta Informatika IngeniaritzaOne of the main challenges in the implementation and design of context-aware scenarios is the adequate deployment strategy for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), mainly due to the strong dependence of the radiofrequency physical layer with the surrounding media, which can lead to non-optimal network designs. In this work, radioplanning analysis for WSN deployment is proposed by employing a deterministic 3D ray launching technique in order to provide insight into complex wireless channel behavior in context-aware indoor scenarios. The proposed radioplanning procedure is validated with a testbed implemented with a Mobile Ad Hoc Network WSN following a chain configuration, enabling the analysis and assessment of a rich variety of parameters, such as received signal level, signal quality and estimation of power consumption. The adoption of deterministic radio channel techniques allows the design and further deployment of WSNs in heterogeneous wireless scenarios with optimized behavior in terms of coverage, capacity, quality of service and energy consumption.Publication Open Access AplicaciĆ³n de sistemas RFID y su implementaciĆ³n en el sector logĆstico(2010) Aguirre Gallego, Erik; Falcone Lanas, Francisco; Escuela TĆ©cnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales y de TelecomunicaciĆ³n; Telekomunikazio eta Industria Ingeniarien Goi Mailako Eskola Teknikoa; IngenierĆa ElĆ©ctrica y ElectrĆ³nica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta ElektronikoaEste proyecto se centra en la tecnologĆa RFID aplicada al Ć”mbito logĆstico y pretende ofrecer tanto nociones bĆ”sicas de la tecnologĆa y sus aplicaciones en este Ć”mbito, como un completo estudio radioelĆ©ctrico tanto teĆ³rico como practico de diferentes entornos. Para transmitir los conceptos bĆ”sicos, se presenta la utilidad de este sistema en logĆstica apoyada en casos de estudio previos y todos los conceptos teĆ³ricos necesarios, empezando por la base radioelĆ©ctrica, todos los fundamentos de la tecnologĆa RFID y por Ćŗltimo describiendo los modelos empĆricos usados. Por Ćŗltimo se presenta el estudio radioelĆ©ctrico, comparando resultados teĆ³ricos obtenidos empĆricamente y con modelo de trazado de rayos con medidas experimentales en diversos entornos, uno de ellos logĆstico. AdemĆ”s se evalĆŗa la posibilidad de implantaciĆ³n de un sistema RFID real en este Ćŗltimo entorno. De todo este proceso se obtienen muchas conclusiones interesantes.Publication Open Access Basketball player on-body biophysical and environmental parameter monitoring based on wireless sensor network integration(IEEE, 2021) Picallo Guembe, Imanol; LĆ³pez Iturri, Peio; Astrain Escola, JosĆ© Javier; Aguirre Gallego, Erik; Azpilicueta FernĆ”ndez de las Heras, Leyre; Celaya Echarri, Mikel; Villadangos Alonso, JesĆŗs; Falcone Lanas, Francisco; Matematika eta Informatika Ingeniaritza; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; IngenierĆa MatemĆ”tica e InformĆ”tica; IngenierĆa ElĆ©ctrica, ElectrĆ³nica y de ComunicaciĆ³nSport activities have benefited in recent years from the progressive adoption of different technological assets in order to improve individual as well as group training, collect different statistics or enhance the spectator experiences. The progressive adoption of Internet of Things paradigms can also be considered within the scope of sport activities, providing high levels of user interactivity as well as enabling cloud-based data storage and processing. In this work, a system for monitoring biophysical, kinematic and environmental parameters within the development of basketball training is presented. A set of on-body nodes with multiple sensors and wireless body area network capabilities have been designed, implemented and tested under real training conditions during a match. Wireless channel analysis results have been obtained with the aid of in house implemented deterministic 3D ray launching algorithm, providing accurate coverage/capacity estimations in relation with human body consideration in the field as well as in the stadium. Measurement results give relevant information in relation with individual player characteristics as well as with team characteristics, providing a flexible tool to improve training development of basketball.Publication Open Access Challenges in wireless system integration as enablers for indoor context aware environments(MDPI, 2017) LĆ³pez Iturri, Peio; Aguirre Gallego, Erik; Azpilicueta FernĆ”ndez de las Heras, Leyre; Astrain Escola, JosĆ© Javier; Villadangos Alonso, JesĆŗs; Falcone Lanas, Francisco; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Matematika eta Informatika Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; IngenierĆa ElĆ©ctrica y ElectrĆ³nica; IngenierĆa MatemĆ”tica e InformĆ”ticaThe advent of fully interactive environments within Smart Cities and Smart Regions requires the use of multiple wireless systems. In the case of user-device interaction, which finds multiple applications such as Ambient Assisted Living, Intelligent Transportation Systems or Smart Grids, among others, large amount of transceivers are employed in order to achieve anytime, anyplace and any device connectivity. The resulting combination of heterogeneous wireless network exhibits fundamental limitations derived from Coverage/Capacity relations, as a function of required Quality of Service parameters, required bit rate, energy restrictions and adaptive modulation and coding schemes. In this context, inherent transceiver density poses challenges in overall system operation, given by multiple node operation which increases overall interference levels. In this work, a deterministic based analysis applied to variable density wireless sensor network operation within complex indoor scenarios is presented, as a function of topological node distribution. The extensive analysis derives interference characterizations, both for conventional transceivers as well as wearables, which provide relevant information in terms of individual node configuration as well as complete network layout.Publication Open Access Characterization and consideration of topological impact of wireless propagation in a commercial aircraft environment [wireless corner](IEEE, 2013) Rajo-Iglesias, Eva; Aguirre Gallego, Erik; LĆ³pez Iturri, Peio; Azpilicueta FernĆ”ndez de las Heras, Leyre; ArpĆ³n DĆaz-AldagalĆ”n, Javier; Falcone Lanas, Francisco; IngenierĆa ElĆ©ctrica y ElectrĆ³nica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta ElektronikoaWireless systems are gaining a relevant role for multiple communication tasks within commercial aircrafts. In this work, wireless propagation in an indoor commercial airplane cabin will be analyzed. The impact of indoor elements, such as passenger seats, luggage compartments and a dual deck structure will be considered, with the aid of in-house implemented 3D ray launching code. Multipath propagation plays a relevant role, given by the time domain characteristics obtained by spatially dependent power delay profiles and delay spread. The use of deterministic techniques in order to consider the inherent complexity of the airplane cabin can aid in wireless system planning in order to increase overall system capacity whilst reducing power consumption.Publication Open Access Characterization of radio propagation channel in urban vehicle to infrastructure environments to support WSNs(MDPI, 2016) Granda, Fausto; Azpilicueta FernĆ”ndez de las Heras, Leyre; Vargas Rosales, CĆ©sar; LĆ³pez Iturri, Peio; Aguirre Gallego, Erik; Astrain Escola, JosĆ© Javier; Villadangos Alonso, JesĆŗs; Falcone Lanas, Francisco; IngenierĆa ElĆ©ctrica y ElectrĆ³nica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; IngenierĆa MatemĆ”tica e InformĆ”tica; Matematika eta Informatika IngeniaritzaVehicular ad hoc Networks (VANETs) enable vehicles to communicate with each other as well as with roadside units (RSUs). Although there is a significant research effort in radio channel modelling focused in vehicle to vehicle (V2V), not much work has been done for vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) using 3D ray-tracing tools. This work evaluates some important parameters of a V2I wireless channel link such as Received Power, Power Delay Profile, Delay Spread and Coherence Bandwidth, in an urban scenario using a deterministic simulation model based on an in-house 3D Ray-Launching algorithm. Analysis using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) at 868MHz, 2.4 and 5.9 GHz are presented. Results show the highly impact that the distance, link frequency, location of RSUs and obstacles in the LoS (Line of Sight) have in V2I channel propagation. These results constitute the start point in the deployment of radio-planning in V2I environments.Publication Open Access Characterization of wireless channel impact on wireless sensor network performance in public transportation buses(IEEE, 2015) Azpilicueta FernĆ”ndez de las Heras, Leyre; LĆ³pez Iturri, Peio; Aguirre Gallego, Erik; Astrain Escola, JosĆ© Javier; Villadangos Alonso, JesĆŗs; Zubiri Segura, CristĆ³bal; Falcone Lanas, Francisco; IngenierĆa ElĆ©ctrica y ElectrĆ³nica; IngenierĆa MatemĆ”tica e InformĆ”tica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Matematika eta Informatika IngeniaritzaWireless communications systems are growing rapidly during the last two decades and they are gaining a significant role for multiple communication tasks within public transportation buses. In this work, the impact of topology and morphology of different types of urban buses is analyzed with the aid of an in-house developed 3D Ray Launching code and compared with on-board measurements of a deployed Wireless Sensor Network. The presence of human beings has been taken into account, showing a significant influence in the signal attenuation in the case of considering persons. In addition, the statistical analysis of simulation results considering both large and small-scale fading has been performed, providing good agreement with statistics for typical indoor environments. In addition, a Wireless Sensor Network has been programmed and deployed within the buses in order to analyze topological impact with overall system performance, with the aim of minimizing the energy consumption as well as non-desired interference levels. The use of deterministic techniques destined to consider the inherent complexity of the buses can aid in wireless system planning in order to minimize power consumption and increase overall system capacity.Publication Open Access Design and experimental validation of a LoRaWAN fog computing based architecture for IoT enabled smart campus applications(MDPI, 2019) Fraga Lamas, Paula; Celaya Echarri, Mikel; LĆ³pez Iturri, Peio; Castedo, Luis; Azpilicueta FernĆ”ndez de las Heras, Leyre; Aguirre Gallego, Erik; SuĆ”rez Albela, Manuel; Falcone Lanas, Francisco; FernĆ”ndez CaramĆ©s, Tiago M.; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; IngenierĆa ElĆ©ctrica, ElectrĆ³nica y de ComunicaciĆ³nA smart campus is an intelligent infrastructure where smart sensors and actuators collaborate to collect information and interact with the machines, tools, and users of a university campus. As in a smart city, a smart campus represents a challenging scenario for Internet of Things (IoT) networks, especially in terms of cost, coverage, availability, latency, power consumption, and scalability. The technologies employed so far to cope with such a scenario are not yet able to manage simultaneously all the previously mentioned demanding requirements. Nevertheless, recent paradigms such as fog computing, which extends cloud computing to the edge of a network, make possible low-latency and location-aware IoT applications. Moreover, technologies such as Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs) have emerged as a promising solution to provide low-cost and low-power consumption connectivity to nodes spread throughout a wide area. Specifically, the Long-Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN) standard is one of the most recent developments, receiving attention both from industry and academia. In this article, the use of a LoRaWAN fog computing-based architecture is proposed for providing connectivity to IoT nodes deployed in a campus of the University of A CoruƱa (UDC), Spain. To validate the proposed system, the smart campus has been recreated realistically through an in-house developed 3D Ray-Launching radio-planning simulator that is able to take into consideration even small details, such as traffic lights, vehicles, people, buildings, urban furniture, or vegetation. The developed tool can provide accurate radio propagation estimations within the smart campus scenario in terms of coverage, capacity, and energy efficiency of the network. The results obtained with the planning simulator can then be compared with empirical measurements to assess the operating conditions and the system accuracy. Specifically, this article presents experiments that show the accurate results obtained by the planning simulator in the largest scenario ever built for it (a campus that covers an area of 26,000 m2), which are corroborated with empirical measurements. Then, how the tool can be used to design the deployment of LoRaWAN infrastructure for three smart campus outdoor applications is explained: a mobility pattern detection system, a smart irrigation solution, and a smart traffic-monitoring deployment. Consequently, the presented results provide guidelines to smart campus designers and developers, and for easing LoRaWAN network deployment and research in other smart campuses and large environments such as smart cities.Publication Open Access Design and performance analysis of wireless body area networks in complex indoor e-Health hospital environments for patient remote monitoring(SAGE, 2016) Aguirre Gallego, Erik; LĆ³pez Iturri, Peio; Azpilicueta FernĆ”ndez de las Heras, Leyre; RivarĆ©s Garasa, Carmen; Astrain Escola, JosĆ© Javier; Villadangos Alonso, JesĆŗs; Falcone Lanas, Francisco; IngenierĆa ElĆ©ctrica y ElectrĆ³nica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; IngenierĆa MatemĆ”tica e InformĆ”tica; Matematika eta Informatika IngeniaritzaIn this article, the design and performance analysis of wireless body area networkābased systems for the transmission of medical information readable in an android-based application deployed within complex indoor e-Health scenarios is presented. The scenario under analysis is an emergency room area, where a patient is being monitored remotely with the aid of wearable wireless sensors placed at different body locations. Due to the advent of Internet of Things, in the near future a cloud of a vast number of wireless devices will be operating at the same time, potentially interfering one another. Ensuring good performance of the deployed wireless networks in this kind of environment is mandatory and obtaining accurate radio propagation estimations by means of a computationally efficient algorithm is a key issue. For that purpose, an in-house three-dimensional ray launching algorithm is employed, which provides radio frequency power distribution values, power delay profiles, and delay spread values for the complete volume of complex indoor scenarios. Using this information together with signal-to-noise estimations and link budget calculations, the most suitable wireless body area network technology for this context is chosen. Additionally, an in-house developed human body model has been developed in order to model the impact of the presence of monitored patients. A campaign of measurements has been carried out in order to validate the obtained simulation results. Both the measurements and simulation results illustrate the strong influence of the presented scenario on the overall performance of the wireless body area networks: losses due to material absorption and the strong influence of multipath components due to the great number of obstacles and the presence of persons make the use of the presented method very useful. Finally, an android-based application for the monitoring of patients is presented and tested within the emergency room scenario, providing a flexible solution to increase interactivity in health service provision.Publication Open Access Design, assessment and deployment of an efficient golf game dynamics management system based on flexible wireless technologies(MDPI, 2023) Picallo Guembe, Imanol; Aguirre Gallego, Erik; LĆ³pez Iturri, Peio; Guembe Zabaleta, Javier; Olariaga Jauregui, Eduardo; Klaina, Hicham; Marcotegui Iturmendi, JosĆ© Antonio; Falcone Lanas, Francisco; IngenierĆa ElĆ©ctrica, ElectrĆ³nica y de ComunicaciĆ³n; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio IngeniaritzarenThe practice of sports has been steadily evolving, taking advantage of different technological tools to improve different aspects such as individual/collective training, support in match development or enhancement of audience experience. In this work, an in-house implemented monitoring system for golf training and competition is developed, composed of a set of distributed end devices, gateways and routers, connected to a web-based platform for data analysis, extraction and visualization. Extensive wireless channel analysis has been performed, by means of deterministic 3D radio channel estimations and radio frequency measurements, to provide coverage/capacity estimations for the specific use case of golf courses. The monitoring system has been fully designed considering communication as well as energy constraints, including wireless power transfer (WPT) capabilities in order to provide flexible node deployment. System validation has been performed in a real golf course, validating end-to-end connectivity and information handling to improve overall user experience.Publication Open Access Deterministic propagation modeling for intelligent vehicle communication in smart cities(MDPI, 2018) Granda, Fausto; LĆ³pez Iturri, Peio; Aguirre Gallego, Erik; Astrain Escola, JosĆ© Javier; Medrano FernĆ”ndez, Pablo; Villadangos Alonso, JesĆŗs; Falcone Lanas, Francisco; IngenierĆa ElĆ©ctrica, ElectrĆ³nica y de ComunicaciĆ³n; EstadĆstica, InformĆ”tica y MatemĆ”ticas; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Estatistika, Informatika eta Matematika; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua, 0011-1411-2017-000020 BOL BOLETUSVehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are envisaged to be a critical building block of Smart Cities and Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) where applications for pollution, congestion reduction, vehicle mobility improvement, accident prevention and safer roads are some of the VANETs expected benefits towards Intelligent Vehicle Communications. Although there is a significant research effort in Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) and Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication radio channel characterization, the use of a deterministic approach as a complement of theoretical and empirical models is required to understand more accurately the propagation phenomena in urban environments. In this work, a deterministic computational tool based on an in-house 3D Ray-Launching algorithm is used to represent and analyze large-scale and small-scale urban radio propagation phenomena, including vehicle movement effects on each of the multipath components. In addition, network parameters such as throughput, packet loss and jitter, have been obtained by means of a set of experimental measurements for different V2I and V2V links. Results show the impact of factors such as distance, frequency, location of antenna transmitters (TX), obstacles and vehicle speed. These results are useful for radio-planning Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) designers and deployment of urban Road Side Units (RSUs).Publication Open Access Dosimetric study of the radiolectric influence of humans into complex environments through determistic simulations and the implementation of a simplified model(2014) Aguirre Gallego, Erik; Falcone Lanas, Francisco ; Serrano Arriezu, Luis Javier; IngenierĆa ElĆ©ctrica y ElectrĆ³nica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta ElektronikoaThe research presented in this thesis falls under the framework of dosimetry and deterministic estimations. A dosimetric study is carried out with the aid of a 3D Ray Launching simulation technique, by means of an in-house developed code at UPNA. Dosimetry is defined as the calculation of the absorbed dose when a tissue is exposed to electromagnetic radiation, in this case, non-ionizing radiation. It has reached a great importance since a part of the society starts to show concern about the exposure of people to artificial exposures caused by mobile phones or Wi-Fi networks. In fact, some entities (administrations and health bodies) are involved in the regulation and the release of guidelines about this subject. The objective of this thesis is to study dosimetry through 3D Ray Launching simulation technique, calibrating it by the implementation of several scenarios where the simulation tool is tested throughout the comparison of theoretical and measurement results. A simplified human body has been also developed with the aim of employing it in different scenarios, performing dosimetric estimations and providing insight on its influence in the electromagnetic power distribution inside an indoor scenario. Finally, obtained results are compared with different guideline thresholds giving an idea of the compliance of the law when usual wireless communication systems are emitting.Publication Open Access Electromagnetic assessment of UHF-RFID devices in healthcare environment(MDPI, 2022) Ramos, Victoria; SuĆ”rez Vicente, Ćscar Javier; SuĆ”rez RodrĆguez, David Samuel; Febles Santana, VĆctor M.; Aguirre Gallego, Erik; ZradziÅski, Patryk; Rabassa LĆ³pez-Calleja, Luis Enrique; Celaya Echarri, Mikel; Marina, Pablo; Karpowicz, Jolanta; Falcone Lanas, Francisco; HernĆ”ndez Armas, Jose Ćngel; IngenierĆa ElĆ©ctrica, ElectrĆ³nica y de ComunicaciĆ³n; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio IngeniaritzarenIn this work, the evaluation of electromagnetic effect of Ultra High Frequency Radio Frequency Identification (UHF-RFID) passive tags used in the healthcare environment is presented. In order to evaluate exposure levels caused by EM field (865ā868 MHz) of UHF-RFID readers, EM measurements in an anechoic chamber and in a real medical environment (Hospital Universitario de Canarias), as well as simulations by 3D Ray Launching algorithm, and of biophysical exposure effects in human models are presented. The results obtained show that the EM exposure is localized, in close vicinity of RFID reader and inversely proportional to its reading range. The EM exposure levels detected are sufficient to cause EM immunity effects in electronic devices (malfunctions in medical equipment or implants). Moreover, more than negligible direct effects in humans (exceeding relevant SAR values) were found only next to the reader, up to approximately 30% of the reading range. As a consequence, the EM risk could be firstly evaluated based on RFID parameters, but should include an in situ exposure assessment. It requires attention and additional studies, as increased applications of monitoring systems are observed in the healthcare sectorāspecifically when any system is located close to the workplace that is permanently occupied.Publication Open Access Electromagnetic characterization of uhf-rfid fixed reader in healthcare centers related to the personal and labor health(IEEE, 2022) Ramos, Victoria; Suarez, Oscar javier; Febles Santana, VĆctor M.; SuĆ”rez RodrĆguez, David Samuel; Aguirre Gallego, Erik; Miguel Bilbao, Silvia de; Marina, Pablo; Rabassa LĆ³pez-Calleja, Luis Enrique; Celaya Echarri, Mikel; Falcone Lanas, Francisco; HernĆ”ndez Armas, Jose Ćngel; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; IngenierĆa ElĆ©ctrica, ElectrĆ³nica y de ComunicaciĆ³nHospitals and healthcare centers are experiencing a remarkable implementation of new systems based on wireless communications technologies. Many of these systems provide location services and identification of materials, instrumentation and even patients, which promotes the increase of the quality and the efficiency of healthcare. A tracking system based on short-range radio frequency, UHF-RFID is evaluated. This system helps with location of orthopedic prosthesis according to the criteria and requirements of a specific hospital environment. It is characterized the influence of UHF-RFID system in the electromagnetic environment by measuring the parameters and characteristics of the emission levels. The results of the assessment are represented through 2D contour maps and simulations have been performed by means of an in-house 3D-RL algorithm. The proposed graph aims to provide a methodology of studying the electromagnetic environments and the evaluation of the safety conditions of workers, patients, and people in general. E field exposure levels due to the RFID localization system were analyzed in order to verify regulations concerning the safety of patients and the general public in the labor and healthcare fields. Localized electromagnetic field exposure at levels which may cause electromagnetic hazards in the specific healthcare environment have been found and potentially excessive exposure to EMF emitted by UHF RFID devices may apply to patients or bystanders. In all cases, insufficient electromagnetic immunity of electronic devices (including AIMD and other medical devices) should be considered and the electromagnetic hazards may be limited also by relevant preventive measures, as also shown in this paper, together with the principles of an in-situ evaluation of electromagnetic hazards near the UHF-RFID devices.Publication Open Access Enhanced wireless channel estimation through parametric optimization of hybrid ray launching-collaborative filtering technique(IEEE, 2020) Casino, Fran; LĆ³pez Iturri, Peio; Aguirre Gallego, Erik; Azpilicueta FernĆ”ndez de las Heras, Leyre; Falcone Lanas, Francisco; Solanas, AgustĆ; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; IngenierĆa ElĆ©ctrica, ElectrĆ³nica y de ComunicaciĆ³nIn this paper, an enhancement of a hybrid simulation technique based on combining collaborative filtering with deterministic 3D ray launching algorithm is proposed. Our approach implements a new methodology of data depuration from low definition simulations to reduce noisy simulation cells. This is achieved by processing the maximum number of permitted reflections, applying memory based collaborative filtering, using a nearest neighbors' approach. The depuration of the low definition ray launching simulation results consists on discarding the estimated values of the cells reached by a number of rays lower than a set value. Discarded cell values are considered noise due to the high error that they provide comparing them to high definition ray launching simulation results. Thus, applying the collaborative filtering technique both to empty and noisy cells, the overall accuracy of the proposed methodology is improved. Specifically, the size of the data collected from the scenarios was reduced by more than 40% after identifying and extracting noisy/erroneous values. In addition, despite the reduced amount of training samples, the new methodology provides an accuracy gain above 8% when applied to the real-world scenario under test, compared with the original approach. Therefore, the proposed methodology provides more precise results from a low definition dataset, increasing accuracy while exhibiting lower complexity in terms of computation and data storage. The enhanced hybrid method enables the analysis of larger complex scenarios with high transceiver density, providing coverage/capacity estimations in the design of heterogeneous IoT network applications.Publication Open Access Estimation of radiofrequency power leakage from microwave ovens for dosimetric assessment at nonionizing radiation exposure levels(Hindawi, 2015) LĆ³pez Iturri, Peio; Miguel Bilbao, Silvia de; Aguirre Gallego, Erik; Azpilicueta FernĆ”ndez de las Heras, Leyre; Falcone Lanas, Francisco; Ramos GonzĆ”lez, Victoria; IngenierĆa ElĆ©ctrica y ElectrĆ³nica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta ElektronikoaThe electromagnetic field leakage levels of nonionizing radiation from a microwave oven have been estimated within a complex indoor scenario. By employing a hybrid simulation technique, based on coupling full wave simulation with an in-house developed deterministic 3D ray launching code, estimations of the observed electric field values can be obtained for the complete indoor scenario. The microwave oven can be modeled as a time- and frequency-dependent radiating source, in which leakage, basically from the microwave oven door, is propagated along the complete indoor scenario interacting with all of the elements present in it. Thismethod can be of aid in order to assess the impact of such devices on expected exposure levels, allowing adequate minimization strategies such as optimal location to be applied.