Browsing by Author "Aranguren Garacochea, Patricia"
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Publication Open Access Advanced phase-change intermediate heat exchanger development for multistage thermoelectric heat pumps(Elsevier, 2023) Erro Iturralde, Irantzu; Aranguren Garacochea, Patricia; AlegrĆa CĆa, Patricia; RodrĆguez GarcĆa, Antonio; Astrain Ulibarrena, David; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Universidad PĆŗblica de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate PublikoaThe need to reach a full energy decarbonisation is well known. Heating and cooling consumption is almost half of the global energy end-use. Thus, development of low-carbon and highly efficient power-to-heat technologies must be developed. In this work, the use of thermoelectric technology working as a heat pump is proposed to heat up an airflow of 38 m3/h. Two different prototypes of multistage thermoelectric heat pumps have been developed and compared based on monophasic and phase-change intermediate heat exchangers. The reduced thermal resistance obtained for the novel phase-change heat exchanger increases the heat flux supplied to the airflow and reduces the consumed power of the system, outperforming the operation of the monophasic thermoelectric heat pump between a 30 and a 67 %. The novel multistage phase-change heat pump obtains experimental COP values between 3.25 and 1.26 when the airflow rises its temperature from 3.5 Ā°C to 23.5 Ā°C. Additionally, this experimental study proves a new methodology to calculate the supplied heat flux to the airflow. The validation of this technology proves a discrepancy of Ā± 9 % when this novel technology is compared to the conventional one based on the airflow temperature rise.Publication Embargo AnĆ”lisis computacional de un sistema termoelĆ©ctrico para la mejora de un ciclo de refrigeraciĆ³n de CO2 transcrĆtico(2021) Purroy Huici, Fabio; Aranguren Garacochea, Patricia; Araiz Vega, Miguel; Escuela TĆ©cnica Superior de IngenierĆa Industrial, InformĆ”tica y de TelecomunicaciĆ³n; Industria, Informatika eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzako Goi Mailako Eskola TeknikoaEl fundamento para este estudio parte del interĆ©s que existe en las empresas por disminuir los costes y mejorar la eficiencia en sus sistemas de refrigeraciĆ³n. De este modo, buscan una mayor competitividad comercial debido a que estos sistemas poseen un consumo elĆ©ctrico muy elevado. AdemĆ”s, como urgencia global, el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologĆas persigue la implementaciĆ³n de medidas medioambientales que ofrezcan un equilibrio entre la producciĆ³n industrial y un uso mĆ”s sostenible de los recursos. A dĆa de hoy, las regulaciones ambientales restrictivas en la utilizaciĆ³n de refrigerantes se han visto incrementadas. Concretamente, el CO2 se estĆ” utilizando como fluido de trabajo por tener un poder de calentamiento atmosfĆ©rico mucho mĆ”s bajo que otros fluidos industriales. El principal conflicto al que se enfrenta el uso de CO2 como refrigerante son sus altas temperaturas de trabajo, las cuales brindan carĆ”cter transcrĆtico al fluido. Ello conlleva una difĆcil adaptaciĆ³n de los componentes de sistema y un descenso en la eficiencia de este. La soluciĆ³n a este problema reside en la adiciĆ³n de un intercambiador recalentador-subenfriador termoelĆ©ctrico (IHX) a la salida del condensador y el evaporador, dentro del sistema de compresiĆ³n de vapor, cuyo fin es incrementar la eficiencia del sistema contando con dicha fase transcrĆtica. De esta forma, es posible la obtenciĆ³n de diseƱos fiables y de presupuesto reducido para sistemas de media y pequeƱa potencia. Es por ello de gran interĆ©s el estudio de este tipo de intercambiadores, variando el voltaje de sus mĆ³dulos termoelĆ©ctricas para la obtenciĆ³n de ciclos de refrigeraciĆ³n mĆ”s eficientes. AsĆ, comprobando que la eficiencia obtenida compensa el consumo aportado por termoelectricidad.Publication Embargo AnĆ”lisis de eficiencia de un intercambiador de calor intermedio en un ciclo de refrigeraciĆ³n de vapor mediante ANSYS Fluent(2021) GoldĆ”raz MartĆn, Joseba IƱaki; Aranguren Garacochea, Patricia; Escuela TĆ©cnica Superior de IngenierĆa Industrial, InformĆ”tica y de TelecomunicaciĆ³n; Industria, Informatika eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzako Goi Mailako Eskola TeknikoaEl presente TFG consiste en el anĆ”lisis mediante elementos finitos (ANSYS Fluent) de un intercambiador de calor intermedio en un ciclo de refrigeraciĆ³n por compresiĆ³n de vapor. El uso de los sistemas de refrigeraciĆ³n es muy abundante en nuestra sociedad, tanto para refrigerar alimentos, congeladores, como para procesos industriales, climatizaciĆ³n... Debido al consumo de estos de potencia elĆ©ctrica es de absoluta necesidad reducir en lo mĆ”ximo posible las emisiones de CO, tanto las emisiones directas producidas por fugas de los refrigerante como las indirectas, provenientes del consumo elĆ©ctrico del ciclo de refrigeraciĆ³n. Para ello se estudiarĆ” el siguiente Intercambiador intermedio, elemento mediante el cual se puede aumentar el rendimiento global del sistema sin aumentar su consumo. Se comenzarĆ” con el modelado en 3D del intercambiador con programas de diseƱo por ordenador a partir de la mediciĆ³n del modelo real. Con el diseƱo ya realizado, se utilizarĆ” el software de ANSYS Fluent para estudiar su funcionamiento y caracterĆsticas a travĆ©s de mĆ©todos de elementos finitos. Para el estudio se compararĆ”n los valores obtenidos mediante la simulaciĆ³n con valores experimentales obtenidos mediante estudios previamente realizados. Este proceso se realizarĆ” para varios refrigerantes, estudiando distintas configuraciones de temperaturas de funcionamiento, flujos mĆ”sicos... etc. Una vez estudiada y verificada la similitud en los resultados, el objetivo es la optimizaciĆ³n del intercambiador a travĆ©s de modificaciones en la geometrĆa base del mismo.Publication Open Access Assessing the reliability of current simulation of thermoelectric heat pumps for nearly zero energy buildings: expected deviations and general guidelines(Elsevier, 2019) MartĆnez Echeverri, Ćlvaro; DĆaz de Garayo, Sergio; Aranguren Garacochea, Patricia; Astrain Ulibarrena, David; Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; IngenierĆaThis paper makes evident that a rigorous review of simulation methods for thermoelectric heat pumps in nearly-zero energy buildings is needed, as incoherent results during verification and validation of simulation models are reported in the literature. Statistical methods based on uncertainty analysis are deployed to calculate the minimum deviations between experimental and simulated values of the main variables that define the performance of a thermoelectric heat pump, within working scenarios expected in nearly-zero energy buildings. Results indicate that the narrower confidence intervals of these deviations are set by the uncertainties in the calculation of the thermoelecric properties of the thermoelectric modules. The minimum deviation in the prediction of the electric power consumed by the thermoelectric heat pump is Ā±6% in all scenarios. Likewise, confidence intervals for the heat flow emitted to the hot reservoir range from Ā±8% for high operating voltages of the thermoelectric heat pump to Ā±23% for low ones. In similar terms, those of the coefficient of performance range from Ā±4% to Ā±21%. These lower limits cannot be reduced unless the uncertainties in the measurement of the thermoelectric properties are reduced. In fact, these confidence intervals are due to increase as more uncertainties are added in the analysis, so wider intervals are expected when heat exchangers and complex heat reservoir are introduced in the system. To avoid so, several guidelines for uncertainty reduction are included in the paper, intended to increase the reliability of the simulation of thermoelectric heat pumps. Among them, relevant is the precise account of the aspect ratio in a thermoelectric module, as well as the deployment of temperature and voltage sensors with systematic standard uncertainties lower than 0.3 Ā°C and 0.01 V respectively. The paper demonstrates the relevance of uncertainty propagation analysis in the verification and validation of the simulation models in this field, and underlines how misleading could be just to compare average values of experimental and simulated results.Publication Unknown Auxiliary consumption: a necessary energy that affects thermoelectric generation(Elsevier, 2018) Aranguren Garacochea, Patricia; Araiz Vega, Miguel; Astrain Ulibarrena, David; IngenierĆa MecĆ”nica, EnergĆ©tica y de Materiales; Mekanika, Energetika eta Materialen IngeniaritzaWaste heat recovery can apply to a wide range of applications, from transportation, or industries to domestic appliances. Thermoelectric generation technology applied to those cases could produce electrical energy and thus improve their efficiency. A validated computational methodology, which simulates the behavior of any thermoelectric generator and calculates the energy consumption of the auxiliary equipment involved, has been used to determine the potential of waste heat harvesting. The usable energy, the net energy, generated has to be maximized, not only the thermoelectric generation has to be maximized, but also the consumption of the auxiliary equipment has to be minimized, or if possible eliminated. Heat exchangers with a liquid as the heat carrier procure high thermoelectric generations, as their thermal resistances are very low, nevertheless when the consumption of their auxiliary consumption is borne in mind, their use is not that promising. The optimal thermoelectric energy obtained from the flue gases of a real industry using these dissipation systems is 119 MWh/year, while the maximum net energy is 73 MWh/year due to the consumption of the auxiliary equipment. The latest scenario does not only represent a 40% reduction from the optimal thermoelectric generation but also a different optimal working point. The complete elimination of the auxiliary equipment using novel biphasic thermosyphons with free convection at the same application produces a net energy of 128 MWh/year. This novel dissipation technology presents an increase on the thermoelectric generation due to its low thermal resistances, but above all due to the elimination of the auxiliary consumption.Publication Embargo CaracterizaciĆ³n experimental de los disipadores de calor de un subenfriador termoelĆ©ctrico incluido en un ciclo de CO2 transcrĆtico(2021) RodrĆguez MartĆnez, Ćlvaro; Aranguren Garacochea, Patricia; Casi SatrĆŗstegui, Ćlvaro; Escuela TĆ©cnica Superior de IngenierĆa Industrial, InformĆ”tica y de TelecomunicaciĆ³n; Industria, Informatika eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzako Goi Mailako Eskola TeknikoaActualmente, la direcciĆ³n de la normativa reguladora sobre fluidos refrigerantes hacia el empleo de fluidos con un bajo Potencial de Calentamiento AtmosfĆ©rico (PCA), revela la necesidad de encontrar refrigerantes sostenibles. En esta lĆnea, estudios han determinado que el CO2 parece el candidato idĆ³neo como refrigerante sostenible, dado que conjuga un bajo PCA ,con no ser nocivo para el ser humano. Sin bien, se conoce que las condiciones transcrĆticas de su uso, especialmente en climas cĆ”lidos, hace que el Coeficiente de OperaciĆ³n (COP) de estas instalaciones, decrezca drĆ”sticamente, poniendo de manifiesto la necesidad de estudiar nuevas configuraciones que permitan el empleo de este fluido, con temperaturas ambiente elevadas. Partiendo de esta Ćŗltima premisa, el Grupo de InvestigaciĆ³n de IngenierĆa TĆ©rmica y de Fluidos (ITF) de la Universidad PĆŗblica de Navarra (UPNA), tras comprobar el aumento de COP en un modelo teĆ³rico, ha puesto en marcha la construcciĆ³n de un prototipo de sistema de refrigeraciĆ³n de CO2 transcrĆtico en el que se incluye el subenfriamiento termoelĆ©ctrico. Para que el subenfriamiento termoelĆ©ctrico repercuta positivamente en el COP de la instalaciĆ³n, se debe maximizar el COP de los mĆ³dulos, minimizando la diferencia de temperaturas entre las caras de estos. Ante esta necesidad, se centra el desarrollo de este proyecto; el cual se fundamenta en el estudio de la implantaciĆ³n de un disipador de calor en la cara caliente del subenfriador termoelĆ©ctrico. Para ello, se han buscado dentro del mercado los disipadores de calor que se ajustaban a las necesidades del prototipo, caracterizando tĆ©rmicamente seis de ellos, los cuales han sido posteriormente analizados uno por uno con el fin de comprobar la viabilidad de implantarlos en el subenfriador termoelĆ©ctrico (a partir de ahora, TESC) y con ello, mejorar el COP de la instalaciĆ³n. Una vez seleccionado el mĆ”s adecuado para este uso, se procediĆ³ a caracterizarlo hidrĆ”ulicamente, para asĆ definirlo completamente, posibilitando su implantaciĆ³n en el prototipo.Publication Unknown A CO2 transcritical vapour-compression cycle including thermoelectric devices: thermal design of the heat exchanger for the thermoelectric generator(2020) Jadot, Benjamin; Aranguren Garacochea, PatriciaThe last decades, innovative scientific projects are more and more required to take into account their impact on the climate. Ideas cannot be further developed if their effects on the environment are too big. This is an important factor that limits the wild ideas of engineers, but it is also a challenge to optimize products or systems in a way they become much more environmentally friendly.Publication Open Access Computational and experimental study of a complete heat dissipation system using water as heat carrier placed on a thermoelectric generator(Elsevier, 2014) Aranguren Garacochea, Patricia; Astrain Ulibarrena, David; PĆ©rez Artieda, Miren Gurutze; IngenierĆa MecĆ”nica, EnergĆ©tica y de Materiales; Mekanika, Energetika eta Materialen IngeniaritzaThe heat dissipation systems which have liquids as heat carriers outperform conventional dissipation systems at thermoelectric generators (TEGs). However, new elements need to be introduced such as pumps, secondary heat exchangers and piping. A predictive computational model of a dissipation system involving refrigerant liquids has been implemented. The accuracy of the model is 93 % for all its outputs: the total thermal resistance, the hydraulic losses and the auxiliary power consumption. The validation of the model has been done with a prototype mainly composed by a multi-channel heat exchanger, a fan-coil, a pump and several sensors: temperature, pressure and flow meters. A study on the influence of the water and the air mass flow over the total thermal resistance has been conducted. The total resistance dependence on the air mass flow shows the importance of including the secondary heat exchanger into the thermal and hydraulic calculations. The smallest resistance does not always obtain the highest net power generation, the high demanding power of the auxiliary equipment needed to obtain this resistance influences negatively on the net power generation. Among the experimental points, the optimum scenario obtains a 40 % additional power generation with respect to the smallest resistance point.Publication Open Access Computational study of geothermal thermoelectric generators with phase change heat exchangers(Elsevier, 2020) CatalĆ”n Ros, Leyre; Araiz Vega, Miguel; Aranguren Garacochea, Patricia; Astrain Ulibarrena, David; Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; IngenierĆaThe use of thermoelectric generators with phase change heat exchangers has demonstrated to be an interesting and environmentally friendly alternative to enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) in shallow hot dry rock fields (HDR), since rock fracture is avoided. The present paper studies the possibilities of the former proposal in a real location: Timanfaya National Park (Canary Islands, Spain), one of the greatest shallow HDR fields in the world, with 5000 m2 of characterized geothermal anomalies presenting temperatures up to 500 Ā°C at only 2 m deep. For this purpose, a computational model based on the thermal-electrical analogy has been developed and validated thanks to a real prototype, leading to a relative error of less than 8%. Based on this model, two prototypes have been designed and studied for two different areas within the park, varying the size of the heat exchangers and the number of thermoelectric modules installed. As a result, the potential of the solution is demonstrated, leading to an annual electricity generation of 681.53 MWh thanks to the scalability of thermoelectric generators. This generation is obtained without moving parts nor auxiliary consumption, thus increasing the robustness of the device and removing maintenance requirements.Publication Open Access Desarrollo e implementaciĆ³n de nuevos modelos solares para el trazador de rayos Tonatiuh(2018) Arregui IbƔƱez, Javier; Aranguren Garacochea, Patricia; Les Aguerrea, ĆƱigo; Escuela TĆ©cnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales y de TelecomunicaciĆ³n; Telekomunikazio eta Industria Ingeniarien Goi Mailako Eskola TeknikoaConcentrating solar power plants (CSP) use mirrors to concentrate the sun's rays to harness the solar energy available. One of the most important parts of the electricity generation with CSP is how to concentrate the solar rays and understand the optical phenomenon. Solar sun shape has enough influence in solar energy resource with CSP. A new achieve has to be accomplished implementing new solar sunshapes in a ray-tracing software. Tonatiuh was created by Centro Nacional de EnergĆas Renovables (CENER) an must be improved. The implementation of two sunshapes has been made with programming language C++. Another objective of the study is to know how the different solar sun shapes take part in the IAM results. IAM is the indicer angle modifier and it is a coefficient that is used in optical simulations to reduce computational cost.Publication Unknown Design and construction of a water-glycol autonomous system which controls the evaporating temperature of a transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle including thermoelectric subcooling(2020) Lecumberri Borruel, Carlos; Aranguren Garacochea, Patricia; Casi SatrĆŗstegui, Ćlvaro; Escuela TĆ©cnica Superior de IngenierĆa Industrial, InformĆ”tica y de TelecomunicaciĆ³n; Industria, Informatika eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzako Goi Mailako Eskola TeknikoaRecent regulations on refrigeration fluids with a high GWP value are forcing researchers to find new sustainable refrigerants. The CO2 seems to be the perfect candidate due to its neglectable environmental impact and its harmless properties to human beings. However, the working conditions at the transcritical region, caused by high ambient temperatures, decreases considerably the COP of the system. Therefore, new configurations efficiently working with the CO2 are required. The ITF research group from the UPNA has analysed the implementation of an innovative technology in order to optimize a CO2 refrigeration cycle: thermoelectric subcooling. They have theoretically proved that the efficiency increases and nowadays are constructing a prototype which includes the vapour compression refrigeration cycle and the TESC in order to carry out tests and optimize the cycle. To do this, it is completely necessary to simulate the thermal loads of the cycle with an auxiliary circuit. The objective of this project is design and construct this auxiliary circuit and justify the selection of each element constituting it.Publication Open Access Design and experimental development of thermoelectric generators for shallow geothermal anomalies of volcanic origin(2020) CatalĆ”n Ros, Leyre; Astrain Ulibarrena, David; Aranguren Garacochea, Patricia; IngenierĆa ElĆ©ctrica, ElectrĆ³nica y de ComunicaciĆ³n; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio IngeniaritzarenEn el contexto energĆ©tico actual, caracterizado por un incesante aumento en el consumo de energĆa y una gran dependencia de los combustibles fĆ³siles, resulta imprescindible apostar por sistemas eficientes y basados en energĆas renovables que contribuyan a un mejor aprovechamiento de los recursos y sean respetuosos con el medio ambiente. En este sentido, la energĆa geotĆ©rmica destaca entre otras fuentes renovables por su carĆ”cter permanente, al no depender de las condiciones meteorolĆ³gicas. Sin embargo, su contribuciĆ³n al sistema energĆ©tico mundial es mĆnimo, sobre todo en generaciĆ³n de electricidad. Como alternativa a los ciclos que tradicionalmente se emplean para la generaciĆ³n elĆ©ctrica geotĆ©rmica, esta tesis doctoral propone la utilizaciĆ³n de generadores termoelĆ©ctricos debido a sus numerosas ventajas tales como fiabilidad, durabilidad y escalabilidad. Concretamente, la tesis se centra en anomalĆas geotĆ©rmicas superficiales de origen volcĆ”nico para dos aplicaciones distintas: la generaciĆ³n elĆ©ctrica de media escala en yacimientos de roca caliente seca y el abastecimiento autĆ³nomo de estaciones de vigilancia volcĆ”nica. Dada la importancia de los intercambiadores de calor en la eficiencia total del sistema, en ambas aplicaciones se ha realizado un profundo estudio para determinar quĆ© tipo de intercambiadores de calor son los mĆ”s adecuados. En ambos casos, se ha demostrado experimentalmente que los intercambiadores de calor mĆ”s propicios son aquellos basados en el cambio de fase, ya que aparte de presentar bajas esistencias tĆ©rmicas, no tienen partes mĆ³viles ni requieren de equipos auxiliares, minimizando asĆ el mantenimiento. Asimismo, tambiĆ©n ha resultado de gran importancia el desarrollo de un modelo computacional rĆ”pido y fiable que tenga en cuenta los intercambiadores de calor, la fuente de calor y el sumidero, sin despreciar ningĆŗn efecto termoelĆ©ctrico, y considerando los contactos tĆ©rmicos y elĆ©ctricos y la influencia de la temperatura en las propiedades. Este modelo, programado en base al mĆ©todo de las diferencias finitas, se ha convertido en una verdadera herramienta de diseƱo y optimizaciĆ³n para las dos aplicaciones objeto de estudio en esta tesis doctoral, gracias a su error relativo menor al 8%. Los resultados derivados de esta tesis doctoral demuestran que la termoelectricidad puede solucionar las problemĆ”ticas de generaciĆ³n elĆ©ctrica en los yacimientos de roca caliente seca y en las estaciones de monitorizaciĆ³n volcĆ”nica, dos aplicaciones inĆ©ditas de generaciĆ³n termoelĆ©ctrica que pueden hacer que esta tecnologĆa se convierta por fin en una realidad en el Ć”mbito civil.Publication Open Access Development and experimental validation of a thermoelectric test bench for laboratory lessons(OmniaScience, 2013) RodrĆguez GarcĆa, Antonio; Astrain Ulibarrena, David; MartĆnez Echeverri, Ćlvaro; Aranguren Garacochea, Patricia; PĆ©rez Artieda, Miren Gurutze; IngenierĆa MecĆ”nica, EnergĆ©tica y de Materiales; Mekanika, Energetika eta Materialen IngeniaritzaThe refrigeration process reduces the temperature of a space or a given volume while the power generation process employs a source of thermal energy to generate electrical power. Because of the importance of these two processes, training of engineers in this area is of great interest. In engineering courses it is normally studied the vapor compression and absorption refrigeration, and power generation systems such as gas turbine and steam turbine. Another type of cooling and generation less studied within the engineering curriculum, having a great interest, it is cooling and thermal generation based on Peltier and Seebeck effects. The theoretical concepts are useful, but students have difculties understanding the physical meaning of their possible applications. Providing students with tools to test and apply the theory in real applications, will lead to a better understanding of the subject. Engineers must have strong theoretical, computational and also experimental skills. A prototype test bench has been built and experimentally validated to perform practical lessons of thermoelectric generation and refrigeration. Using this prototype students learn the most effective way of cooling systems and thermal power generation as well as basic concepts associated with thermoelectricity. It has been proven that students learn the process of data acquisition, and the technology used in thermoelectric devices. These practical lessons are implemented for a 60 people group of students in the development of subject of Thermodynamic including in the Degree in Engineering in Industrial Technologies of Public University of Navarra.Publication Open Access Development and experimental validation of a two-stage thermoelectric heat pump computational model for heating applications(Elsevier, 2024) Erro Iturralde, Irantzu; Aranguren Garacochea, Patricia; MartĆnez Echeverri, Ćlvaro; Astrain Ulibarrena, David; IngenierĆa; Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Universidad PĆŗblica de Navarra - Nafarroako Unibertsitate PublikoaThe utilisation of thermoelectric technology as a heat pump in heating applications necessitates comprehensive investigation. The scalable nature of thermoelectric technology enables its operation at elevated temperatures without the requirement of refrigerants. In this work, an accurate computational model that can simulate one- and two-stage thermoelectric heat pumps is developed. This model uses the electric-thermal analogy and the finite difference method, including the thermoelectric effects, temperature dependent properties, thermal contact resistances and all heat exchangers, even the intermediate heat exchanger in the case of a two-stage configuration. Moreover, the model has been experimentally validated by built and tested prototypes, being the first time that a two-stage thermoelectric heat pump model is experimentally validated. The discrepancy between the simulated and experimental results is below the Ā± 10 % for , Ā± 8 % for generated heat and temperature lift in the airflow, and less than the Ā± 6 % for consumed power. Additonally, the model simulates real tendencies under different operating conditions, proving the reliability of the developed thermoelectric heat pump model. Finally, the model is used to optimise a thermoelectric system combining one- and two-stage thermoelectric heat pumps, and hybridising them with electric resistances. An airflow of 16.5 m3/h is heated from 25 Ā°C to 160 Ā°C, achieving a maximum of 1.21. Lastly, the importance of considering the thermal resistances of the heat exchangers is computationally modelled and demonstrated. Not taking them into account would overestimate the performance of the TEHP system by more than the 7 %.Publication Embargo Development of an advanced thermoelectric heat pump system including high efficiency heat exchangers based on phasechange to enhance the power-to-heat energy conversion(2024) Erro Iturralde, Irantzu; Astrain Ulibarrena, David; Aranguren Garacochea, Patricia; IngenierĆa; IngeniaritzaThe solution to address the climate emergency lies in promoting the integration of renewable energies into the energy mix, alongside with enhancing energy efficiency. However, taking into account the natural intermittency of renewable sources the use of energy storage systems becomes imperative. Among the different energy storage systems, thermal energy storage presents a promising option. These thermal energy storage systems efficiently store excess renewable energy in the form of heat, enabling its conversion back into electricity or its direct application for heating. In order to promote the usage of thermal energy storage systems, it is imperative to develop efficient power-to-heat energy conversion systems. This offers a chance for the development of thermoelectric technology working as heat pumps for heating purposes, providing the advantage of avoiding the use of refrigerants and being a modular technology. According to certain studies, two-stage thermoelectric heat pumps demonstrate superior performance for high-temperature differences compared to one-stage configuration, allowing their use for high-temperature requirements. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity of research conducted on two-stage thermoelectric heat pumps for heating applications. Therefore, the present Ph.D. dissertation aims to design and develop an optimised thermoelectric heat pump system for heating high-temperatures to enhance the performance of the power-to-heat energy conversion process for thermal energy storage. Firstly, two prototypes of two-stage thermoelectric heat pumps utilising different intermediate heat exchangers: monophasic and phase-change and with the aim of heating an airflow were developed and compared. The novel phase-change heat exchanger achieves a notable reduction in thermal resistance, resulting in an increase of more than 16% in the heat flux supplied to the airflow and a reduction of more than 6% in the consumed power of the system. Experimental COP values ranging between 3.25 and 1.26 have been obtained by the novel two-stage phase-change heat pump, improving the COP values between a 30 % and a 67 % in comparison with the two-stage monophasic heat pump. Additionally, this initial study presents a novel approach for calculating heat flux to airflow. Subsequently, a study on sensibility was carried out to assess the performance of various configurations of thermoelectric heat pumps. The experimental campaign highlighted the requirement of two-stage configurations to attain high temperatures and heat fluxes, while the one-stage thermoelectric heat pump exhibited superior performance in low-temperature operations. Following the experimental results, an assessment was carried out on the application of an optimised thermoelectric heat pump system for the charging process of a thermal energy storage. In order to achieve an accurate tool able to simulate the behaviour of two-stage thermoelectric heat pumps, a computational model was developed. The computational model relies on the thermal-electrical analogy and the finite difference method. The accuracy of the developed tool is certified through the validation conducted using experimental results and showing a discrepancy of less than Ā± 10 % for the COP values, Ā± 8 % for the generated heat and airflow temperature lift, and less than Ā± 6% for the consumed power. Finally, an optimised thermoelectric heat pump system was constructed to be installed into a real thermal energy storage system to assess its impact. A series of experiments were performed, wherein the airflow rate, voltage supply to the thermoelectric heat pump system, and storage temperature were varied. It has been demonstrated that an increased airflow rate enhances the efficiency of the thermoelectric heat pump. When utilising an airflow rate of 23 mĀ³/h and setting the storage temperature to 120 Ā°C, the installation of this novel thermoelectric system demonstrates a 30% improvement in the power-to-heat process compared to a conventional process in which electrical resistances are used. In addition, the utilisation of this thermal energy storage system in a decentralised combined heat and power system yields efficiencies of 112.6 %, ensuring the generation of 1.126 kW of useful heating and electrical power from every surplus electrical kW produced by renewable energies.Publication Open Access DiseƱo de un sistema de refrigeraciĆ³n hĆbrida mediante la combinaciĆ³n de un ciclo de compresiĆ³n de vapor y dispositivos termoelĆ©ctricos(2019) CĆa Urdiain, Maialen; Aranguren Garacochea, Patricia; Astrain Ulibarrena, David; Escuela TĆ©cnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales y de TelecomunicaciĆ³n; Telekomunikazio eta Industria Ingeniarien Goi Mailako Eskola TeknikoaHoy en dĆa donde cada vez se compran mĆ”s artĆculos por Internet surge la necesidad de poder distribuir producto fresco o perecedero a puntos intermedios en donde puedan almacenarse a una correcta temperatura hasta que el usuario final acceda a ellos. El objetivo de este Trabajo Fin de MĆ”ster es diseƱar, construir y validar un prototipo de sistema de refrigeraciĆ³n/calefacciĆ³n en un rango de -20 a 50 ā°C para compartimentos cerrados, haciendo uso de una hibridaciĆ³n de un ciclo de compresiĆ³n de vapor con dispositivos termoelĆ©ctricos. Para alcanzar este objetivo, en primer lugar, se caracterizarĆ” tĆ©rmicamente todos los elementos que componen el sistema para diseƱarlo. Por otro lado, se construirĆ” un compartimento monitorizado que posteriormente serĆ” ensayado para conocer su funcionamiento real.Publication Open Access DiseƱo y construcciĆ³n de un banco de ensayos para caracterizar mĆ³dulos termoelĆ©ctricos(2019) Sucunza Bustingorri, Andoni; Aranguren Garacochea, Patricia; Araiz Vega, Miguel; Escuela TĆ©cnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales y de TelecomunicaciĆ³n; Telekomunikazio eta Industria Ingeniarien Goi Mailako Eskola TeknikoaEl presente trabajo fin de grado diseƱa, construye y experimenta un banco de ensayos que caracteriza mĆ³dulos termoelĆ©ctricos. Los mĆ³dulos termoelĆ©ctricos son dispositivos capaces de absorber calor y convertirlo en energĆa elĆ©ctrica gracias al efecto Seebeck; mientras que si una potencia elĆ©ctrica es suministrada a dichos mĆ³dulos, Ć©stos pueden absorber o ceder calor a travĆ©s de sus caras gracias al efecto Peltier. El salto de temperatura entre las caras de los mĆ³dulos define su eficiencia, y por ello, un banco de ensayos capaz de controlar la temperatura de ambas caras ante cualquier condiciĆ³n de trabajo es indispensable para una correcta caracterizaciĆ³n de los mĆ³dulos. Ćste es el objetivo de este trabajo: diseƱar y construir un banco de ensayos capaz de con trolar las temperaturas de ambas caras de los mĆ³dulos termoelĆ©ctricos. AsĆ mismo, dicho banco serĆ” utilizado para caracterizar mĆ³dulos termoelĆ©ctricos comerciales y verificar sus curvas de funcionamiento.Publication Unknown Effect of dietary quercetin and sphingomyelin on intestinal nutrient absorption and animal growth(Cambridge University Press, 2006) Barrenetxe, Jaione; Aranguren Garacochea, Patricia; Grijalba, A.; MartĆnez-PeƱuela, J. M.; Marzo PĆ©rez, Florencio; Urdaneta, Elena; Ciencias del Medio Natural; Natura Ingurunearen ZientziakResearch on cancer and other conditions has shown flavonoids and sphingolipids to be food components capable of exerting chemoprotective action. Nevertheless, little is known about their effects on healthy individuals and their potential usefulness as therapeutic agents. The present study examined the possible action of a dietary flavonoid, quercetin, and a sphingolipid, sphingomyelin, as functional foods in healthy animals. In particular, the effect on animal growth of supplementing a conventional diet with one or other of these substances (0Ā·5% quercetin and 0Ā·05% sphingomyelin) was considered. Possible action affecting intestinal physiology was also analysed by measuring the uptake of sugar and dipeptide, mediated by the Na+-dependent sugar transporter SGLT1 and the dipeptide Na+/H+ exchanger PEPT1 respectively, and the activity of related intestinal enzymes such as sucrase, maltase and aminopeptidase N. Both substances seemed to modify small intestinal activity in healthy mice, altering intestinal enzymatic activity and nutrient uptake. These effects observed in the small intestine did not impair normal development of the animals, as no differences in serum biochemical parameters or in organ and body weights were found. The findings should help in elucidating the mechanisms of action of these food components with a view to their possible use in the prevention of certain pathological conditions.Publication Open Access EnergĆa sostenible: sin malos humos(Universidad PĆŗblica de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa, 2019) Samanes Pascual, Javier; Pascual Miqueleiz, Julio MarĆa; Berrueta Irigoyen, Alberto; Araiz Vega, Miguel; CatalĆ”n Ros, Leyre; Aranguren Garacochea, Patricia; Arricibita de AndrĆ©s, David; IngenierĆa ElĆ©ctrica, ElectrĆ³nica y de ComunicaciĆ³n; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; IngenierĆa; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; IngeniaritzaĀæPuede EspaƱa ser sostenible energĆ©ticamente? Si alguna vez te has planteado esta pregunta, o quieres saber en quĆ© gastamos la energĆa y de dĆ³nde podrĆa ser obtenida, aquĆ encontrarĆ”s respuestas. Nuestros recursos renovables son inmensos, pero tambiĆ©n lo es nuestro consumo. Este libro no solo se centra en analizar la situaciĆ³n actual y las posibilidades que las energĆas renovables tienen en nuestro paĆs, sino que, presentando de forma clara los datos sobre nuestro gasto energĆ©tico, permite a cada lector identificar sus mayores consumos, de tal forma que pueda considerar cĆ³mo reducirlos. EnergĆa sostenible. Sin malos humos es la adaptaciĆ³n al caso espaƱol, actualizando los datos, del libro publicado hace una dĆ©cada por David MacKay en el Reino Unido. La sostenibilidad es hoy en dĆa una preocupaciĆ³n creciente en la sociedad. Pero a menudo este interĆ©s se ve contaminado por cifras enormes que resultan muy complicadas de comprender. AdemĆ”s, todos hemos oĆdo hablar en algĆŗn momento sobre pequeƱos gestos al alcance de nuestra mano que podrĆan permitir un cambio hacia un modelo sostenible. Nada mĆ”s lejos de la realidad, pequeƱas acciones solo permiten pequeƱos cambios, y el cambio de modelo energĆ©tico al que nos enfrentamos requiere grandes acciones. Para deshacernos de todo este ruido, en este libro se presentan los nĆŗmeros de forma clara y sencilla, utilizando unidades a nuestro alcance y que son comprensibles por todas las personas. Esto permite identificar de una forma mucho mĆ”s personal los consumos energĆ©ticos de nuestro dĆa a dĆa. A lo largo de la primera parte del libro se van construyendo dos columnas: una de color rojo, que representa la agregaciĆ³n de consumos, y otra de color verde, que representa la capacidad de generaciĆ³n. Estas columnas ofrecen una comparaciĆ³n muy visual de la infraestructura renovable que serĆa necesaria para mantener nuestro ritmo de consumo energĆ©tico actual. AdemĆ”s, utiliza nĆŗmeros Ā«gordosĀ» obtenidos de la experiencia del dĆa a dĆa. Por ejemplo, para calcular la capacidad de generaciĆ³n eĆ³lica se parte de una velocidad de viento estimada a partir de la velocidad tĆpica de un ciclista urbano. Toda esta informaciĆ³n se encuentra en la primera parte del libro, en los capĆtulos del 1 al 18. Sin embargo, este libro no se centra Ćŗnicamente en el anĆ”lisis de la situaciĆ³n actual, sino que da un paso mĆ”s y propone alternativas al modelo energĆ©tico actual con el fin de alcanzar un modelo 100% renovable a medio plazo. Estas medidas incluyen un aumento importante en la potencia renovable instalada, un aumento en la eficiencia energĆ©tica y algunos ligeros cambios en nuestro estilo de vida que permitan una reducciĆ³n del consumo. Por supuesto, los tres frentes deben ser atacados al mismo tiempo. Estas propuestas se recogen en la segunda parte del libro, en los capĆtulos 19 a 32. Por Ćŗltimo, este es un libro divulgativo al alcance de todas las personas, que busca transmitir toda la informaciĆ³n de forma clara e intuitiva sin perderse en complicados cĆ”lculos. Pero si eres de los que les gustan las cuentas, al final del libro encontrarĆ”s un apartado en el que se explica de forma rigurosa muchos de los cĆ”lculos simples realizados en las primeras partes del libro. Estos apĆ©ndices tĆ©cnicos forman la tercera parte del libro, son los apĆ©ndices de la A hasta la H.Publication Open Access Enhancement of the power-to-heat energy conversion process of a thermal energy storage cycle through the use of a thermoelectric heat pump(Elsevier, 2024) Erro Iturralde, Irantzu; Aranguren Garacochea, Patricia; Sorbet PresentaciĆ³n, Francisco Javier; Bonilla-Campos, ĆƱigo; Astrain Ulibarrena, David; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Universidad PĆŗblica de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate PublikoaThe principal strategy for achieving a neutral climate entails enhancing the share of renewable energies in the energy mix, in conjunction with promoting innovation in efficient technologies. Thermal energy storage systems have the potential to efficiently handle the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources. Furthermore, these systems can effectively handle shifts in both heat and electrical demand. Thus, efficient power-to-heat technologies are needed to boost thermal energy storage. This manuscript explores the potential of utilising a thermoelectric heat pump system in conjunction with electric resistances for charging a thermal energy storage. In order to achieve elevated temperatures, the thermoelectric system integrates thermoelectric heat pump blocks in a two-stage configuration. Air has been employed as a heat transfer medium for sensible heat storage. Higher airflow rates improve the performance of thermoelectric heat pump system. Moreover, its impact on the optimal voltage supply of the thermoelectric system is observed when it is combined with an electric resistance to achieve elevated temperatures. In comparison to the basic charging process that solely relies on the electric resistance of a thermal energy storage at 120 Ā°C, a significant 30 % increase in power-to-heat energy conversion has been achieved by including the thermoelectric heat pump system. In fact, it efficiently elevates the temperature from the initial ambient temperature of 25 Ā°C to a remarkable 113.1 Ā°C, achieving a coefficient of performance of 1.35 with an airflow rate of 23 m3/h. Therefore, the use of this technology to enhance a complete process of storing excess renewable energy in the form of heat for subsequent use in both heat and electricity through a combined heat and power cycle is demonstrated.