DSpace Repository :: Browsing by Author "Pisabarro de Lucas, Gerardo"

Browsing by Author "Pisabarro de Lucas, Gerardo"

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Open Access
Advanced studies of yeast metabolism under winemaking conditions. Paving the way for a predictive model
(2014) Martínez Moreno, Rubén; González García, Ramón; Morales Calvo, Pilar; Quirós Asensio, Manuel; Pisabarro de Lucas, Gerardo; Producción Agraria; Nekazaritza Ekoizpena
The main objective of this PhD project is to contribute to the development of a quantitative model of Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolism in winemaking conditions. This model would allow to assess the effect of different environmental variables and of a particular starter yeast strain not only on fermentation kinetics but also on the production of relevant fermentation products (such as ethanol, glycerol, acetic acid, or some volatile compounds). This model would be useful in the improvement and control of the fermentation process, as well as in the definition of a rational use of enological additives and starter cultures, in order to ensure and improve wine quality.
Open Access
Basidiomycetes telomeres: a bioinformatics approach
(InTechOpen, 2011) Ramírez Nasto, Lucía; Pérez Garrido, María Gumersinda; Castanera Andrés, Raúl; Santoyo Santos, Francisco; Pisabarro de Lucas, Gerardo; Producción Agraria; Nekazaritza Ekoizpena; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
The bioinformatics analysis described in this paper allowed us to establish the type and the number of the telomere repeat unit in the basidiomycetes analyzed, to suggest the putative linkage groups in fungi where linkage maps are not available, to uncover misassembled telomere regions, and to reveal the preference for some gene models to be located at the subtelomeric regions and to uncover synteny among the subtelomere regions in the basidiomycetes analyzed.
Open Access
Biological pretreatment of rice husks with the white-rot fungus pleurotus ostreatus: the role of laccase activity
(2021) Durán Sequeda, Dinary Eloísa; Sierra Ramírez, Rocío; Pisabarro de Lucas, Gerardo; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
El objetivo principal de la investigación fue determinar la influencia de la composición del medio de cultivo y los compuestos lignocelulósicos en la secreción de enzimas lacasas por P. ostreatus en cultivos sumergidos. Utilizando un enfoque estadístico y sistemático que permitió el control de la composición de los medios de cultivo, se encontraron las condiciones nutricionales óptimas que simultáneamente incrementaban el crecimiento fúngico y la actividad lacasa en ausencia y presencia de sulfato de cobre, un inductor reconocido de esta actividad enzimática. En dichas condiciones se indagó sobre los aspectos bioquímicos transcripciones en P. ostreatus relacionados con la secreción de lacasas, lo cual reveló la participación de transportadores de membrana de alta afinidad por el cobre (CTRs) como candidatos intermediarios de la regulación de tres genes lacasas lacc2, lacc6 and lacc10. Los resultados de la evaluación de la composición de los medios de cultivos sugieren que la regulación de estos trasportadores se encuentra estrechamente ligada a condiciones nutricionales suficientes en carbono y nitrógeno, con una participación central del metabolismo del nitrógeno orgánico en dicho proceso. Este conocimiento fue orientado a determinar el papel de la actividad lacasa en el pretratamiento biológico de la cáscara de arroz con el fin de contribuir a obtener una comprensión más profunda del pretratamiento de la biomasa de lignocelulosa por P. ostreatus en cultivo sumergido.
Open Access
Comparative and transcriptional analysis of the predicted secretome in the lignocellulose-degrading basidiomycete fungus Pleurotus ostreatus
(Wiley, 2016) Alfaro Sánchez, Manuel; Castanera Andrés, Raúl; Lavín Trueba, José Luis; Oguiza Tomé, José Antonio; Ramírez Nasto, Lucía; Pisabarro de Lucas, Gerardo; Producción Agraria; Nekazaritza Ekoizpena; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Fungi interact with their environment by secreting proteins to obtain nutrients, elicit responses and modify their surroundings. Because the set of proteins secreted by a fungus is related to its lifestyle, it should be possible to use it as a tool to predict fungal lifestyle. To test this hypothesis, we bioinformatically identified 538 and 554 secretable proteins in the monokaryotic strains PC9 and PC15 of the white rot basidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus. Functional annotation revealed unknown functions (37.2%), glycosyl hydrolases (26.5%) and redox enzymes (11.5%) as the main groups in the two strains. When these results were combined with RNA‐seq analyses, we found that the relative importance of each group was different in different strains and culture conditions and the relevance of the unknown function proteins was enhanced. Only a few genes were actively expressed in a given culture condition in expanded multigene families, suggesting that family expansi on could increase adaptive opportunities rather than activity under a specific culture condition. Finally, we used the set of P. ostreatus secreted proteins as a query to search their counterparts in other fungal genomes and found that the secretome profiles cluster the tested basidiomycetes into lifestyle rather than phylogenetic groups.
Open Access
Comparative genomics of Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and Phanerochaete chrysosporium provide insight into selective ligninolysis
(National Academy of Sciences, 2012) Fernández Fueyo, Elena; Ruiz Dueñas, Francisco J.; Ferreira, Patricia; Floudas, Dimitrios; Lavín Trueba, José Luis; Oguiza Tomé, José Antonio; Pérez Garrido, María Gumersinda; Pisabarro de Lucas, Gerardo; Ramírez Nasto, Lucía; Santoyo Santos, Francisco; Producción Agraria; Nekazaritza Ekoizpena
Efficient lignin depolymerization is unique to the wood decay basidiomycetes, collectively referred to as white rot fungi. Phanerochaete chrysosporium simultaneously degrades lignin and cellulose, whereas the closely related species, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, also depolymerizes lignin but may do so with relatively little cellulose degradation. To investigate the basis for selective ligninolysis, we conducted comparative genome analysis of C. subvermispora and P. chrysosporium. Genes encoding manganese peroxidase numbered 13 and five in C. subvermispora and P. chrysosporium, respectively. In addition, the C. subvermispora genome contains at least seven genes predicted to encode laccases, whereas the P. chrysosporium genome contains none. We also observed expansion of the number of C. subvermispora desaturase-encoding genes putatively involved in lipid metabolism. Microarray-based transcriptome analysis showed substantial up-regulation of several desaturase and MnP genes in wood-containing medium. MS identified MnP proteins in C. subvermispora culture filtrates, but none in P. chrysosporium cultures. These results support the importance of MnP and a lignin degradation mechanism whereby cleavage of the dominant nonphenolic structures is mediated by lipid peroxidation products. Two C. subvermispora genes were predicted to encode peroxidases structurally similar to P. chrysosporium lignin peroxidase and, following heterologous expression in Escherichia coli, the enzymes were shown to oxidize high redox potential substrates, but not Mn2+. Apart from oxidative lignin degradation, we also examined cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic systems in both fungi. In summary, the C. subvermispora genetic inventory and expression patterns exhibit increased oxidoreductase potential and diminished cellulolytic capability relative to P. chrysosporium.
Open Access
Comparative genomics of Coniophora olivacea reveals different patterns of genome expansion in Boletales
(BioMed Central, 2017) Castanera Andrés, Raúl; Pérez Garrido, María Gumersinda; López Varas, Leticia; Amselem, Joëlle; LaButti, Kurt; Singan, Vasanth; Lipzen, Anna; Haridas, Sajeet; Barry, Kerrie; Grigoriev, Igor V.; Pisabarro de Lucas, Gerardo; Ramírez Nasto, Lucía; Producción Agraria; Nekazaritza Ekoizpena; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Background: Coniophora olivacea is a basidiomycete fungus belonging to the order Boletales that produces brown-rot decay on dead wood of conifers. The Boletales order comprises a diverse group of species including saprotrophs and ectomycorrhizal fungi that show important differences in genome size. Results: In this study we report the 39.07-megabase (Mb) draft genome assembly and annotation of C. olivacea. A total of 14,928 genes were annotated, including 470 putatively secreted proteins enriched in functions involved in lignocellulose degradation. Using similarity clustering and protein structure prediction we identified a new family of 10 putative lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase genes. This family is conserved in basidiomycota and lacks of previous functional annotation. Further analyses showed that C. olivacea has a low repetitive genome, with 2.91% of repeats and a restrained content of transposable elements (TEs). The annotation of TEs in four related Boletales yielded important differences in repeat content, ranging from 3.94 to 41.17% of the genome size. The distribution of insertion ages of LTRretrotransposons showed that differential expansions of these repetitive elements have shaped the genome architecture of Boletales over the last 60 million years. Conclusions: Coniophora olivacea has a small, compact genome that shows macrosynteny with Coniophora puteana. The functional annotation revealed the enzymatic signature of a canonical brown-rot. The annotation and comparative genomics of transposable elements uncovered their particular contraction in the Coniophora genera, highlighting their role in the differential genome expansions found in Boletales species.
Open Access
Computational prediction of protein-coding gene and annotation of DNA sequences with agronomic interest in Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster Mushroom)
(Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa, 2006) Palma Dovis, Leopoldo; Peñas Parrila, María Manuela; Ramírez Nasto, Lucía; Pisabarro de Lucas, Gerardo; Producción Agraria; Nekazaritza Ekoizpena
Pleurotus ostreatus, commonly known as oyster mushroom, is a commercially important edible fungus with interesting biotechnological properties. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses are rare in fungi and little is known about their number, position, and genetic structure. Previous studies of our group have allowed the construction of a genetic linkage map of P. ostreatus var. florida, which has provided the basis for performing an efficient QTL analysis. In fact, there is a region of the chromosome VII of P. ostreatus where the most QTLs related to the production and precocity characters have been mapped. These quantitative traits are presumably under the control of a polygenic genetic system and could be associated with some chromosomal regions. The hypothesis of this work is that there is a region in the chromosome VII of protoclon PC15 (monokaryotic parental of the N001 dikaryotic strain) where exist genes which are responsible for the QTLs mentioned above. In order to test this hypothesis, we are developing a molecular QTL analysis through the sequencing of a region with an approximated size of 320 Kbp in chromosome VII (protoclon PC15). For this purpose, a BAC genomic library was constructed and two BAC clones spanning the region of interest are being sequenced. To carry out an efficient computational prediction of protein-coding genes and its annotation on the partial sequences obtained up to date, we have used different Internet resources such as BLASTx, BLASTp, BLASTn, and FGENESH trained on some basidiomycetes genomic data like Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Cryptococcus neoformans (SoftBerry). To our knowledge, this is the firs molecular QTL analysis performed on this edible mushroom.
Open Access
Diffusional properties of methanogenic granular sludge: 1H NMR characterization
(American Society for Microbiology, 2003) Lens, Piet N. L.; Gastesi Barasoain, Rakel; Vergeldt, Frank; Van Aelst, Adriaan C.; Pisabarro de Lucas, Gerardo; Van As, Henk; Producción Agraria; Nekazaritza Ekoizpena
The diffusive properties of anaerobic methanogenic and sulfidogenic aggregates present in wastewater treatment bioreactors were studied using diffusion analysis by relaxation time-separated pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and NMR imaging. NMR spectroscopy measurements were performed at 22°C with 10 ml of granular sludge at a magnetic field strength of 0.5 T (20 MHz resonance frequency for protons). Self-diffusion coefficients of H2O in the investigated series of mesophilic aggregates were found to be 51 to 78% lower than the self-diffusion coefficient of free water. Interestingly, self-diffusion coefficients of H2O were independent of the aggregate size for the size fractions investigated. Diffusional transport occurred faster in aggregates growing under nutrient-rich conditions (e.g., the bottom of a reactor) or at high (55°C) temperatures than in aggregates cultivated in nutrient-poor conditions or at low (10°C) temperatures. Exposure of aggregates to 2.5% glutaraldehyde or heat (70 or 90°C for 30 min) modified the diffusional transport up to 20%. In contrast, deactivation of aggregates by HgCl2 did not affect the H2O self-diffusion coefficient in aggregates. Analysis of NMR images of a single aggregate shows that methanogenic aggregates possess a spin-spin relaxation time and self-diffusion coefficient distribution, which are due to both physical (porosity) and chemical (metal sulfide precipitates) factors.
Open Access
Efecto de la inducción con extractos acuosos de paja de trigo sobre la producción de enzimas lignolíticas en Pleurotus Ostreatus
(2010) Redin Iroz, Amaia; Pisabarro de Lucas, Gerardo; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos; Nekazaritza Ingeniarien Goi Mailako Eskola Teknikoa; Producción Agraria; Nekazaritza Ekoizpena
En la producción de energía a partir de materiales lignocelulósicos, el pretratamiento termoquímico se realiza para desestructurar la lignocelulosa y facilitar la acción posterior de enzimas celulolíticas (endoglucanasas, celobiohidrolasas y β-glicosilasas) que originarán la glucosa fermentable para la producción de etanol, requiere un alto consumo de energía y de compuestos contaminantes. Para hacer económicamente interesante los compuestos presentes en resíduos lignocelulósicos (carbohidratos y unidades de fenilpropano entre otras) el material debe ser degradado. Resulta interesante el empleo de una maquinaria microbiana natural, que posee un evolucionado aprendizaje en el uso de lignocelulosa como fuente de carbono y energía. Los hongos de pudrición blanca, como Pleurotus ostreatus, son los degradadores más eficientes ya que atacan preferiblemente la lignina y hemicelulosa (1). Numerosas enzimas están involucradas en este proceso, incluyendo lacasas E.C. 1.10.3.2 (Lac), manganeso peroxidasas E.C. 1.11.1.13 (MnP), productoras de peróxido de hidrógeno E.C.1.1.3.7 (AAO) y enzimas hidrolíticas, las cuales han sido identificadas y caracterizadas a nivel molecular. Ensayos previos en el Grupo de Genética y Microbiología (UPNA) han demostrado que la adición de extractos procedentes del lavado de paja de cereales en cultivos líquidos de P. ostreatus incrementa la actividad de enzimas degradadora de lignina en más de un orden de magnitud (10 veces). Sin embargo, el mecanismo por el que se produce esta inducción no es conocido, por lo que la posibilidad de utilizarla de forma industrial queda limitada. En este proyecto se pretende determinar en profundidad el mecanismo por el que se induce la actividad ligninolítica, la ruta de inducción y el compuesto, estudiando in vitro la inducción de la actividad lignolítica en cultivos sumergidos de Pleurotus ostratus acondicionados con extractos acuosos de paja de trigo. También se determinó la cinética y parámetros de cultivo, determinando la biomasa, consumo de glucosa y pH.
Open Access
Effect of nutritional factors and copper on the regulation of laccase enzyme production in Pleurotus ostreatus
(MDPI, 2022) Durán Sequeda, Dinary Eloísa; Suspes, Daniela; Maestre, Estibenson; Alfaro Sánchez, Manuel; Pérez Garrido, María Gumersinda; Ramírez Nasto, Lucía; Pisabarro de Lucas, Gerardo; Sierra Ramírez, Rocío; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
This research aimed to establish the relationship between carbon–nitrogen nutritional factors and copper sulfate on laccase activity (LA) by Pleurotus ostreatus. Culture media composition was tested to choose the nitrogen source. Yeast extract (YE) was selected as a better nitrogen source than ammonium sulfate. Then, the effect of glucose and YE concentrations on biomass production and LA as response variables was evaluated using central composite experimental designs with and without copper. The results showed that the best culture medium composition was glucose 45 gL−1 and YE 15 gL−1, simultaneously optimizing these two response variables. The fungal transcriptome was obtained in this medium with or without copper, and the differentially expressed genes were found. The main upregulated transcripts included three laccase genes (lacc2, lacc6, and lacc10) regulated by copper, whereas the principal downregulated transcripts included a copper transporter (ctr1) and a regulator of nitrogen metabolism (nmr1). These results suggest that Ctr1, which facilitates the entry of copper into the cell, is regulated by nutrient-sufficiency conditions. Once inside, copper induces transcription of laccase genes. This finding could explain why a 10–20-fold increase in LA occurs with copper compared to cultures without copper when using the optimal concentration of YE as nitrogen sources.
Open Access
Enzymatic characterization of a monokaryon population of the edible mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus with a view to genetic improvement
(Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa, 2006) Terrón, María del Carmen; López, María; Carbajo, José M.; Pisabarro de Lucas, Gerardo; Ramírez Nasto, Lucía; González Aldo, E.; Producción Agraria; Nekazaritza Ekoizpena
In this work the lignocellulolytic enzymes produced by the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus var. florida were studied. The objective was to know their relationship with the degradation of the biopolymers present in the cell wall of wheat-straw for the purpose of explaining their influence on the production and quality characters of the fruiting bodies. The following enzymatic activities were studied both in solid and submerged culture: Ligninases (Lignin Peroxidase, Manganese Peroxidase (MnP) and Laccase), Cellulases (Glucohydrolases, Glucosidases) and Hemicellulases from the group Arabinofuran- Xylanases (Xylanase, Xilosidase, Glucoronidase, Arabinofuran-Oxidase and Acetylesterase), cooperating enzymes (Glyoxal Oxidase) and feedback enzymes (Glucose Oxidase (GOD), Aryl Alcohol Oxidase (AAO), Tyrosinase (TYR), Veratryl Alcohol Oxydase (VAO), Cellobiose Dehydrogenase (CDH)). The first studies regarding all the mentioned enzymes were performed using the dikayon (N001) and the parental monokarion strains “fast” (PC9) and “slow” (PC15). The studies on all this whole group of enzymes, which are enough representative of the lignocellulolytic complex, let to conclude that (both in solid or submerged culture) the enzymes of major influence in colonizing the natural substrate and also those whose activity-determination better guarantees their further mapping were Laccases, MnP, AAO and TYR. Subsequently these four activities were measured in the monokaryon population being Laccases and MnP, those yielding the best levels in medium-7 (rich in nitrogen). In addition both enzymes allow the discrimination between “fast-” or “slow-” monokaryon strains both in solid medium with several dyes, or in liquid culture in agitation. The analysis of the enzymatic activities detected in the assayed conditions, in the population of “fast” or “slow” strains let to the observation that they map in different places where the loci corresponding to Laccase (pox) and mnp genes are located. These results open the possibility to design more precise studies that could help to establish a correlation between the contribution of the genes already described and the activity of the different ligninolytic enzymes. In addition the results will contribute to know whether in P. ostreatus genome there are new genes or if they correspond with locations that regulate these enzymatic activities, or it is a gene that has a role in the transport system or a kind of effector in the exportation machinery of the protein to the culture medium.
Open Access
Expansion of signal transduction pathways in fungi by extensive genome duplication
(CellPress, 2016) Corrochano, Luis M.; Kuo, Alan; Marcet Houben, Marina; Oguiza Tomé, José Antonio; Pisabarro de Lucas, Gerardo; Producción Agraria; Nekazaritza Ekoizpena
Plants and fungi use light and other signals to regulate development, growth, and metabolism. The fruiting bodies of the fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus are single cells that react to environmental cues, including light, but the mechanisms are largely unknown [1]. The related fungus Mucor circinelloides is an opportunistic human pathogen that changes its mode of growth upon receipt of signals from the environment to facilitate pathogenesis [2]. Understanding how these organisms respond to environmental cues should provide insights into the mechanisms of sensory perception and signal transduction by a single eukaryotic cell, and their role in pathogenesis. We sequenced the genomes of P. blakesleeanus and M. circinelloides and show that they have been shaped by an extensive genome duplication or, most likely, a whole-genome duplication (WGD), which is rarely observed in fungi [3, 4, 5, 6]. We show that the genome duplication has expanded gene families, including those involved in signal transduction, and that duplicated genes have specialized, as evidenced by differences in their regulation by light. The transcriptional response to light varies with the developmental stage and is still observed in a photoreceptor mutant of P. blakesleeanus. A phototropic mutant of P. blakesleeanus with a heterozygous mutation in the photoreceptor gene madA demonstrates that photosensor dosage is important for the magnitude of signal transduction. We conclude that the genome duplication provided the means to improve signal transduction for enhanced perception of environmental signals. Our results will help to understand the role of genome dynamics in the evolution of sensory perception in eukaryotes.
Restricted
Expresión de genes durante cambio de fase en Agaricus bisporus "mushroom initiation"
(2008) Hernando Calvo, Héctor; Pisabarro de Lucas, Gerardo; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos; Nekazaritza Ingeniarien Goi Mailako Eskola Teknikoa
Open Access
Extensive sampling of basidiomycete genomes demonstrates inadequacy of the white-rot/brown-rot paradigm for wood decay fungi
(National Academy of Sciences, 2014) Riley, Robert; Salamov, Asaf A.; Brown, Daren W.; Nagy, Laszlo G.; Floudas, Dimitrios; Held, Benjamin W.; Levasseur, Anthony; Lombard, Vincent; Morin, Emmanuelle; Pisabarro de Lucas, Gerardo; Producción Agraria; Nekazaritza Ekoizpena
Basidiomycota (basidiomycetes) make up 32% of the described fungi and include most wood-decaying species, as well as pathogens and mutualistic symbionts. Wood-decaying basidiomycetes have typically been classified as either white rot or brown rot, based on the ability (in white rot only) to degrade lignin along with cellulose and hemicellulose. Prior genomic comparisons suggested that the two decay modes can be distinguished based on the presence or absence of ligninolytic class II peroxidases (PODs), as well as the abundance of enzymes acting directly on crystalline cellulose (reduced in brown rot). To assess the generality of the white-rot/brown-rot classification paradigm, we compared the genomes of 33 basidiomycetes, including four newly sequenced wood decayers, and performed phylogenetically informed principal-components analysis (PCA) of a broad range of gene families encoding plant biomass-degrading enzymes. The newly sequenced Botryobasidium botryosum and Jaapia argillacea genomes lack PODs but possess diverse enzymes acting on crystalline cellulose, and they group close to the model white-rot species Phanerochaete chrysosporium in the PCA. Furthermore, laboratory assays showed that both B. botryosum and J. argillacea can degrade all polymeric components of woody plant cell walls, a characteristic of white rot. We also found expansions in reducing polyketide synthase genes specific to the brown-rot fungi. Our results suggest a continuum rather than a dichotomy between the white-rot and brown-rot modes of wood decay. A more nuanced categorization of rot types is needed, based on an improved understanding of the genomics and biochemistry of wood decay.
Open Access
Genetic breeding of edible mushrooms: from the genome to the production of new varieties of Pleurotus ostreatus
(Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa, 2006) Pisabarro de Lucas, Gerardo; Peñas Parrila, María Manuela; Pérez Garrido, María Gumersinda; Park, Sang-Kyu; Eizmendi Goikoetxea, María Arantzazu; Parada Albarracín, Julián Andrés; Palma Dovis, Leopoldo; Idareta Olagüe, Eneko; Jurado Cabanillas, Javier; Castellón Gadea, Jordi; Ramírez Nasto, Lucía; Producción Agraria; Nekazaritza Ekoizpena
The breeding of new varieties of industrially cultivated edible mushrooms must proceed in the framework defined by the breeding objectives, the biological characteristics of the material and the legal and cultural constraints imposed to the breeding technology to be used. This last aspect is of the greatest importance in the case of a food that is considered in European countries as high quality and closer to nature than other industrially produced foods. This fact prevents the use of genetic-engineering based technologies for breeding, as the consumers would hardly accept genetically modified mushrooms. Consequently, mushroom breeding should be based on time-consuming processes of classic breeding. Molecular biology, however, can offer to the breeders useful tools for speeding up the selection process, for evaluating the new bred lines and, last but not least, to identify and eventually protect legally the outcome of their breeding programs.
Open Access
Genetic linkage map of the edible basidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus
(American Society for Microbiology, 2000) Larraya Reta, Luis María; Pérez Garrido, María Gumersinda; Ritter, Enrique; Pisabarro de Lucas, Gerardo; Ramírez Nasto, Lucía; Producción Agraria; Nekazaritza Ekoizpena; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
We have constructed a genetic linkage map of the edible basidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus (var. Florida). The map is based on the segregation of 178 random amplified polymorphic DNA and 23 restriction fragment length polymorphism markers; four hydrophobin, two laccase, and two manganese peroxidase genes; both mating type loci; one isozyme locus (est1); the rRNA gene sequence; and a repetitive DNA sequence in a population of 80 sibling monokaryons. The map identifies 11 linkage groups corresponding to the chromosomes of P. ostreatus, and it has a total length of 1,000.7 centimorgans (cM) with an average of 35.1 kbp/cM. The map shows a high correlation (0.76) between physical and genetic chromosome sizes. The number of crossovers observed per chromosome per individual cell is 0.89. This map covers nearly the whole genome of P. ostreatus.
Open Access
Genome, transcriptome, and secretome analysis of wood decay fungus Postia placenta supports unique mechanisms of lignocellulose conversion
(National Academy of Sciences, 2009) Martínez, Diego; Challacombe, Jean; Morgenstern, Ingo; Hibbett, David; Schmoll, Monika; Kubicek, Christian P.; Ferreira, Patricia; Pisabarro de Lucas, Gerardo; Lavín Trueba, José Luis; Oguiza Tomé, José Antonio; Producción Agraria; Nekazaritza Ekoizpena
Brown-rot fungi such as Postia placenta are common inhabitants of forest ecosystems and are also largely responsible for the destructive decay of wooden structures. Rapid depolymerization of cellulose is a distinguishing feature of brown-rot, but the biochemical mechanisms and underlying genetics are poorly understood. Systematic examination of the P. placenta genome, transcriptome, and secretome revealed unique extracellular enzyme systems, including an unusual repertoire of extracellular glycoside hydrolases. Genes encoding exocellobiohydrolases and cellulose-binding domains, typical of cellulolytic microbes, are absent in this efficient cellulose-degrading fungus. When P. placenta was grown in medium containing cellulose as sole carbon source, transcripts corresponding to many hemicellulases and to a single putative β -1–4 endoglucanase were expressed at high levels relative to glucose-grown cultures. These transcript profiles were confirmed by direct identification of peptides by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Also upregulated during growth on cellulose medium were putative iron reductases, quinone reductase, and structurally divergent oxidases potentially involved in extracellular generation of Fe(II) and H2O2. These observations are consistent with a biodegradative role for Fenton chemistry in which Fe(II) and H2O2 react to form hydroxyl radicals, highly reactive oxidants capable of depolymerizing cellulose. The P. placenta genome resources provide unparalleled opportunities for investigating such unusual mechanisms of cellulose conversion. More broadly, the genome offers insight into the diversification of lignocellulose degrading mechanisms in fungi. Comparisons with the closely related white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium support an evolutionary shift from white-rot to brown-rot during which the capacity for efficient depolymerization of lignin was lost.
Open Access
Genomic analysis enlightens agaricales lifestyle evolution and increasing peroxidase diversity
(Oxford University Press, 2021) Ruiz Dueñas, Francisco J.; Barrasa, José M.; Sánchez-García, Marisol; Camarero, Susana; Miyauchi, Shingo; Linde, Dolores; Babiker, Rashid; Drula, Elodie; Ayuso-Fernández, Iván; Pacheco, Remedios; Padilla, Guillermo; Ferreira, Patricia; Barriuso, Jorge; Kellner, Harald; Castanera Andrés, Raúl; Alfaro Sánchez, Manuel; Ramírez Nasto, Lucía; Pisabarro de Lucas, Gerardo; Riley, Robert; Kuo, Alan; Andreopoulos, William; LaButti, Kurt; Pangilinan, Jasmyn; Tritt, Andrew; Lipzen, Anna; He, Guifen; Yan, Mi; Vivian, Ng; Grigoriev, Igor V.; Cullen, Daniel; Martin, Francis; Rosso, Marie-Noëlle; Henrissat, Bernard; Hibbett, David; Martínez, Ángel T.; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB
As actors of global carbon cycle, Agaricomycetes (Basidiomycota) have developed complex enzymatic machineries that allow them to decompose all plant polymers, including lignin. Among them, saprotrophic Agaricales are characterized by an unparalleled diversity of habitats and lifestyles. Comparative analysis of 52 Agaricomycetes genomes (14 of them sequenced de novo) reveals that Agaricales possess a large diversity of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes for lignocellulose decay. Based on the gene families with the predicted highest evolutionary rates-namely cellulose-binding CBM1, glycoside hydrolase GH43, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase AA9, class-II peroxidases, glucose-methanol-choline oxidase/dehydrogenases, laccases, and unspecific peroxygenases-we reconstructed the lifestyles of the ancestors that led to the extant lignocellulose-decomposing Agaricomycetes. The changes in the enzymatic toolkit of ancestral Agaricales are correlated with the evolution of their ability to grow not only on wood but also on leaf litter and decayed wood, with grass-litter decomposers as the most recent eco-physiological group. In this context, the above families were analyzed in detail in connection with lifestyle diversity. Peroxidases appear as a central component of the enzymatic toolkit of saprotrophic Agaricomycetes, consistent with their essential role in lignin degradation and high evolutionary rates. This includes not only expansions/losses in peroxidase genes common to other basidiomycetes but also the widespread presence in Agaricales (and Russulales) of new peroxidases types not found in wood-rotting Polyporales, and other Agaricomycetes orders. Therefore, we analyzed the peroxidase evolution in Agaricomycetes by ancestralsequence reconstruction revealing several major evolutionary pathways and mapped the appearance of the different enzyme types in a time-calibrated species tree.
Open Access
Genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of Pleurotus ostreatus secreted proteins
(2017) Alfaro Sánchez, Manuel; Pisabarro de Lucas, Gerardo; Producción Agraria; Nekazaritza Ekoizpena
The objective of this thesis is to study the proteins secreted by the edible and worldwide cultivated white rot basidiomycete fungus Pleurotus ostreatus with three major goals: to determine the set of proteins secreted under different nutritional conditions, to determine the effect of the monokaryotic and dikaryotic mycelial conditions on the secretome, and to explore the relationship between the transcriptome of the secreted proteins and the actual secretome in different monokaryotic strains. In the first chapter of this thesis, we will review several basidiomycete secretome analyses comparing the results obtained using different analytical techniques and discussing some representative examples. We will pay a special attention to the lignocellulolytic enzymes secreted and to the different fungal lifestyles. This chapter is an updated version of the paper entitled Comparative analysis of secretomes in basidiomycete fungi that we published in Journal of Proteomics in 2014 as a summary of the state of the art. The main conclusions of this chapter are that a combination of genomic, transcriptomic and proteomics techniques is still the best approach for analyzing fungal secretomes, allowing to the identification of secretion patterns associated to the different lifestyles. In the third chapter, we screened two P. ostreatus monokaryotic genomes to identify bioinformatically the genes coding for proteins targeted for secretion. The study was made using the two monokaryotic protoclones (mkPC9 and mkPC15) whose genomes had been previously sequenced and annotated in a collaborative project carried out with the Joint Genome Institute. These two protoclones contain the two nuclei present in the commercial dikaryotic strains dkN001. The results obtained showed that, surprisingly, both strains differ in their lignocellulose degrading genomic capabilities. mkPC9 have less CAZy genes annotated, especially in the Glycosil hydrolases (GH) class. Nevertheless, mkPC9 grows better than mkPC15 on lignocellulosic substrates and has a higher enzyme secretion capacity when growing in the presence of wood. The transcription of the genes coding for secretable proteins was studied by RNAseq analysis and we could conclude that, whereas the genome profile of the secretome was similar in the two strains, the corresponding transcriptome profiles were different between them and in different culture conditions and we observed a concentrated transcriptional activity in few genes per function and an increased importance of the glycosil hydrolases and proteins without a functional classification. These results highlight the importance of adding additional data to the gene lists produced by genome sequence analysis for gaining a more accurate picture of the biological process under study. P. ostreatus secretes a huge variety of lignocellulose degrading enzymes when cultured in the presence of wood. More than 20% of them lack a known enzymatic function. Transcriptome analysis noted the importance of these proteins, further confirmed by proteomics. Using domain structure prediction, we were able to give an insight about the possible role of several proteins, including a xylanase and a AA10 LPMO. This chapter is a version of the manuscript entitled Comparative and transcriptional analysis of the predicted secretome in the lignocellulose‐degrading basidiomycete fungus Pleurotus ostreatus published in Environmental Microbiology. Finally, in the fourth chapter, mass spectrometry analyses were used to confirm the presence of these enzymes acting on the lignocellulosic substrates. We compared the proteins secreted by the two monokaryons studied in the bioinformatics analysis with that of dikaryon that contains the two nuclei present in them. Interestingly, monokaryons behave in a very different manner; mkPC15 showed a weakest production of lignocellulose degrading enzymes than mkPC9 and dkN001 when cultured using wood as a carbon source. Moreover, dkN001 was able to secrete more plant cell wall decomposing enzymes, correlating with their superior capacity to grow on lignocellulosic substrates. Furthermore, the three strains were cultured in three different media using with glucose, wood or both (glucose and wood) as a carbon source. As expected, we identify a higher number of lignocellulose degrading enzymes in wood-containing media, especially glycosyl-hydrolases, carbohydrate esterases and polysaccharide lyases. Fungal lignocellulose degradation is the result of the synergistic action of several enzymes. These thesis improve our overall understanding of plant biomass degradation as a step to achieve the goal of using biomass as a sustainable source of energy to support future needs.
Open Access
Genomics and transcriptomics characterization of genes expressed during postharvest at 4 degrees C by the edible basidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus
(Viguera Editores, S. L., 2011) Ramírez Nasto, Lucía; Oguiza Tomé, José Antonio; Pérez Garrido, María Gumersinda; Lavín Trueba, José Luis; Omarini, Alejandra; Santoyo Santos, Francisco; Alfaro Sánchez, Manuel; Castanera Andrés, Raúl; Parenti, Alejandra; Muguerza Domínguez, Elaia; Pisabarro de Lucas, Gerardo; Producción Agraria; Nekazaritza Ekoizpena
Pleurotus ostreatus is an industrially cultivated basidiomycete with nutritional and environmental applications. Its genome, which was sequenced by the joint Genome Institute, has become a model for lignin degradation and for fungal genomics and transcriptomics studies. The complete P. ostreatus genome contains 35 Mbp organized in 11 chromosomes, and two different haploid genomes have been individually sequenced. In this work, genomics and transcriptomics approaches were employed in the study of P. ostreatus under different physiological conditions. Specifically, we analyzed a collection of expressed sequence tags (EST) obtained from cut fruit bodies that had been stored at 4 degrees C for 7 days (postharvest conditions). Studies of the 253 expressed clones that had been automatically and manually annotated provided a detailed picture of the life characteristics of the self-sustained fruit bodies. The results suggested a complex metabolism in which autophagy, RNA metabolism, and protein and carbohydrate turnover are increased. Genes involved in environment sensing and morphogenesis were expressed under these conditions. The data improve our understanding of the decay process in postharvest mushrooms and highlight the use of high-throughput techniques to construct models of living organisms subjected to different environmental conditions.