Open Access
On the second life of lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles: characterisation, ageing and applications
(2022) Braco Sola, Elisa; San Martín Biurrun, Idoia; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
El cambio en nuestro modelo de consumo y producción de energía es cada vez más urgente. Los problemas medioambientales, económicos y sociales relacionados con los combustibles fósiles han motivado la reacción gubernamental y ciudadana en búsqueda de soluciones alternativas. Así, la transición en el sector de la automoción hacia el vehículo eléctrico es ya una realidad. Las baterías de iones de litio son el corazón de los vehículos eléctricos, ya que posibilitan su autonomía y operación de forma similar a sus homólogos de combustión. No obstante, debido al uso, las características internas de estas baterías se degradadas, de tal modo que son retiradas cuando pierden en torno a un 30 % de capacidad energética. En los últimos años, la reutilización de estas baterías ha surgido como alternativa que permite aprovechar la capacidad energética remanente, alargando de este modo su vida útil. Aplicaciones estacionarias, como la integración de energías renovables o servicios de red, son consideradas como escenarios prometedores para estas baterías de segunda vida. Sin embargo, la viabilidad técnica y económica de estos sistemas de almacenamiento es hoy en día incierta. Esta tesis se centra en la viabilidad técnica de baterías de iones de litio de segunda vida provenientes de vehículos eléctricos. El estudio tiene un gran carácter experimental, utilizando para ello baterías reales que ya han finalizado su primera vida. Las principales líneas de trabajo de la tesis son: • Revisión del estado del arte actual de la segunda vida. • Caracterización del estado interno y análisis de la dispersión. • Estudio de la degradación y durabilidad en función del envejecimiento. • Mejora de la evaluación del estado interno, tanto en la etapa de reconfiguración como durante la operación de la segunda vida. • Estudio de la viabilidad técnica de un prototipo reconfigurado con módulosde segunda vida en distintas aplicaciones estacionarias.
Open Access
Incremental capacity analysis of lithium-ion second-life batteries from electric vehicles under cycling ageing
(IEEE, 2021) Braco Sola, Elisa; San Martín Biurrun, Idoia; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
Nowadays, the reuse of batteries from electric vehicles is considered a promising solution to benefit from their remaining energy and extend their lifespan. Yet, the economic viability of these second-life batteries is still uncertain, and the optimization of testing at their reconfiguration stage and during their lifetime is the key to ensure their success. This paper aims to assess Incremental Capacity Analysis technique in Nissan Leaf modules during their second-life use, in order to evaluate both its potential as an State of Health estimator and as a tool to identify underlying degradation mechanisms. Despite the different internal state and ageing rates observed between the tested modules, ICA is found to be consistent at similar SOH levels. The influence of ageing, current and temperature on ICA is evaluated through an accelerated cycling test. Results show that ICA is a promising alternative to estimate SOH during second life even at currents up to C/2 and testing temperatures of 45 °C. However, testing by accelerated currents and temperatures is not recommended for the identification of degradation mechanisms.
Open Access
Integration of second-life batteries in residential microgrids and fast charging stations
(IEEE, 2022) San Martín Biurrun, Idoia; Braco Sola, Elisa; Martín Castilla, Álvaro; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
The potential of batteries from electric vehicles to be given a second life in stationary applications could be starting to become a reality in few years. However, the technical and economic feasibility of such second-life batteries (SLBs) is still uncertain. In this context, this paper analyses the real operation of a SLB in three scenarios: two of residential microgrids with photovoltaic generation under different strategies, and a fast charging station for electric mobility. To this end, three energy management strategies are developed, the first of which seeks to maximise the self-consumption of a typical household with photovoltaic generation; the second, in addition to maximising self-consumption, presents a night-time charge and peak shaving of the contract power from the grid; and the last refers to an urban bus charging station in which the aim is to reduce the contract power from the grid. Experimental validation of SLB during more than three weeks of operation in each of the scenarios have proved the technical viability of these batteries in the applications analysed.
Open Access
Analysis and modelling of calendar ageing in second-life lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles
(IEEE, 2022) Braco Sola, Elisa; San Martín Biurrun, Idoia; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Gobierno de NAVARRA / Nafarroako Gobernua
The reuse of Li-ion batteries from electric vehicles is a promising alternative to recycling nowadays. However, the technical and economic viability of these second-life (SL) batteries is not yet clear. Degradation assessment plays a key role not only to analyse the impact of ageing factors in reused batteries, but also to quantify their durability. In this context, this contribution aims to analyse calendar ageing behaviour in SL cells. 16 reused Nissan Leaf modules are aged during 750 days under three temperatures and four State of Charge (SOC), covering a State of Health range from 72.2 % to 13 %. The impact of temperature and SOC as stress factors is firstly analysed, concluding that their increase accelerates ageing. Temperature rise is found to have a major impact, accelerating up to 27 times capacity fade and almost 6 times resistance increase when compared to light ageing conditions, while increasing SOC nearly doubles ageing rates. The worst ageing case is found to be the combination of 60 ◦C and 66 % of SOC. Regarding degradation trends, they are proven to be constant during all SL lifetime. This work also proposes and validates a calendar ageing model for SL cells. Accuracy of validation results show a fitting Rsq of 0.9941 in capacity fade and 0.9557 in resistance increase, thereby tracking the heterogeneous degradation of the SL cells under calendar ageing.

Braco Sola, Elisa

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