Open Access
Evaluation of a crop rotation with biological inhibition potential to avoid N2O emissions in comparison with synthetic nitrification inhibition
(Elsevier, 2023) Bozal-Leorri, Adrián; Corrochano Monsalve, Mario; Arregui Odériz, Luis Miguel; Aparicio Tejo, Pedro María; González Murua, Carmen; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB
Agriculture has increased the release of reactive nitrogen to the environment due to crops’ low nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) after the application of nitrogen-fertilisers. Practices like the use of stabilized-fertilisers with nitrification inhibitors such as DMPP (3,4- dimethylpyrazole phosphate) have been adopted to reduce nitrogen losses. Otherwise, cover crops can be used in crop-rotation-strategies to reduce soil nitrogen pollution and benefit the following culture. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) could be a good candidate as it is drought tolerant and its culture can reduce nitrogen losses derived from nitrification because it exudates biological nitrification inhibitors (BNIs). This work aimed to evaluate the effect of fallow-wheat and sorghum cover crop-wheat rotations on N2O emissions and the grain yield of winter wheat crop. In addition, the suitability of DMPP addition was also analyzed. The use of sorghum as a cover crop might not be a suitable option to mitigate nitrogen losses in the subsequent crop. Although sorghum–wheat rotation was able to reduce 22% the abundance of amoA, it presented an increment of 77% in cumulative N2O emissions compared to fallow–wheat rotation, which was probably related to a greater abundance of heterotrophic-denitrification genes. On the other hand,the application of DMPP avoided the growth of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and maintained the N2O emissions at the levels of unfertilized-soils in both rotations. As a conclusion, the use of DMPP would be recommendable regardless of the rotation since it maintains NH4 + in the soil for longer and mitigates the impact of the crop residues on nitrogen soil dynamics
Open Access
Evidences towards deciphering the mode of action of dimethylpyrazole-based nitrification inhibitors in soil and pure cultures of Nitrosomonas europaea
(Springer, 2022) Bozal-Leorri, Adrián; Corrochano Monsalve, Mario; Vega-Mas, Izargi; Aparicio Tejo, Pedro María; González Murua, Carmen; Marino, Daniel; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB
Background: Agriculture relies on the intensive use of synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizers to maximize crop yields, which has led to the transformation of agricultural soils into high-nitrifying environments. Nevertheless, nitrifcation inhibitors (NIs) have been developed to suppress soil-nitrifer activity and decrease N losses. The NIs 3,4-dimethyl‑ pyrazole phosphate (DMPP) and 2-(3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) succinic acid isomeric mixture (DMPSA) are able to reduce N2O emissions and maintain soil NH4 + for a longer time. Although both NIs have been proven to be efective to inhibit soil nitrifcation, their exact mode of action has not been confrmed. We aimed to provide novel insights to further understand the mode of action of DMP-based NIs. We evaluated the performance of DMPP and DMPSA in soil and pure cultures of nitrifying bacteria Nitrosomonas europaea. Results: DMPSA did not inhibit nitrifcation in pure cultures of N. europaea. In the soil, we evidenced that DMPSA needs to be broken into DMP to achieve the inhibition of nitrifcation, which is mediated by a soil biological process that remains to be identifed. Moreover, both DMPP and DMPSA are thought to inhibit nitrifcation due to their ability to chelate the Cu2+ cations that the ammonia monooxygenase enzyme (AMO) needs to carry on the frst step of NH4 + oxidation. However, the efciency of DMPP was not altered regardless the Cu2+ concentration in the medium. In addition, we also showed that DMPP targets AMO but not hydroxylamine oxidoreductase enzyme (HAO). Conclusions: The inability of DMPSA to inhibit nitrifcation in pure cultures together with the high efciency of DMPP to inhibit nitrifcation even in presence of toxic Cu2+ concentration in the medium, suggest that the mode of action of DMP-based NIs does not rely on their capacity as metal chelators.

Aparicio Tejo, Pedro María

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