Lusa Cadore, Eduardo

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https://academica-e.unavarra.es/handle/2454/49478

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Lusa Cadore

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Eduardo

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Ciencias de la Salud

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1173573

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810462

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Open Access
Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR).
(Elsevier, 2025-01-01) Izquierdo Redín, Mikel; Souto Barreto, Philipe de; Arai, Hidenori; Bischoff-Ferrari, Heike A.; Lusa Cadore, Eduardo; Cesari, Matteo; Chen, L.-K.; Coen, Paul M.; Courneya, Kerry S.; Duque, Gustavo; Ferrucci, L.; Fielding, R. A.; García Hermoso, Antonio; Gutiérrez Robledo, L.M.; Harridge, S.D.R.; Kirk, B.; Kritchevsky, S.; Landi, F.; Lazarus, N.; Liu-Ambrose, T.; Marzetti, E.; Merchant, R.A.; Morley, John E.; Pitkälä, Kaisu H.; Ramírez Vélez, Robinson; Rodríguez Mañas, Leocadio; Rolland, Y.; Ruiz, J.G.; López Sáez de Asteasu, Mikel; Villareal, D.T.; Waters, D.L.; Won Won, C.; Vellas, Bruno; Fiatarone Singh, Maria; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak
Aging, a universal and inevitable process, is characterized by a progressive accumulation of physiological alterations and functional decline over time, leading to increased vulnerability to diseases and ultimately mortality as age advances. Lifestyle factors, notably physical activity (PA) and exercise, significantly modulate aging phenotypes. Physical activity and exercise can prevent or ameliorate lifestyle-related diseases, extend health span, enhance physical function, and reduce the burden of non-communicable chronic diseases including cardiometabolic disease, cancer, musculoskeletal and neurological conditions, and chronic respiratory diseases as well as premature mortality. Physical activity influences the cellular and molecular drivers of biological aging, slowing aging rates¿a foundational aspect of geroscience. Thus, PA serves both as preventive medicine and therapeutic agent in pathological states. Sub-optimal PA levels correlate with increased disease prevalence in aging populations. Structured exercise prescriptions should therefore be customized and monitored like any other medical treatment, considering the dose-response relationships and specific adaptations necessary for intended outcomes. Current guidelines recommend a multifaceted exercise regimen that includes aerobic, resistance, balance, and flexibility training through structured and incidental (integrated lifestyle) activities. Tailored exercise programs have proven effective in helping older adults maintain their functional capacities, extending their health span, and enhancing their quality of life. Particularly important are anabolic exercises, such as Progressive resistance training (PRT), which are indispensable for maintaining or improving functional capacity in older adults, particularly those with frailty, sarcopenia or osteoporosis, or those hospitalized or in residential aged care. Multicomponent exercise interventions that include cognitive tasks significantly enhance the hallmarks of frailty (low body mass, strength, mobility, PA level, and energy) and cognitive function, thus preventing falls and optimizing functional capacity during aging. Importantly, PA/exercise displays dose-response characteristics and varies between individuals, necessitating personalized modalities tailored to specific medical conditions. Precision in exercise prescriptions remains a significant area of further research, given the global impact of aging and broad effects of PA. Economic analyses underscore the cost benefits of exercise programs, justifying broader integration into health care for older adults. However, despite these benefits, exercise is far from fully integrated into medical practice for older people. Many healthcare professionals, including geriatricians, need more training to incorporate exercise directly into patient care, whether in settings including hospitals, outpatient clinics, or residential care. Education about the use of exercise as isolated or adjunctive treatment for geriatric syndromes and chronic diseases would do much to ease the problems of polypharmacy and widespread prescription of potentially inappropriate medications. This intersection of prescriptive practices and PA/exercise offers a promising approach to enhance the well-being of older adults. An integrated strategy that combines exercise prescriptions with pharmacotherapy would optimize the vitality and functional independence of older people whilst minimizing adverse drug reactions. This consensus provides the rationale for the integration of PA into health promotion, disease prevention, and management strategies for older adults. Guidelines are included for specific modalities and dosages of exercise with proven efficacy in randomized controlled trials. Descriptions of the beneficial physiological changes, attenuation of aging phenotypes, and role of exercise in chronic disease and disability management in older adults are provided. The use of exercise in cardiometabolic
Open Access
Multicomponent exercise with power training: a vital intervention for frail older adults
(Elsevier, 2024) Izquierdo Redín, Mikel; Lusa Cadore, Eduardo; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak
Maintaining functional abilities is critical for healthy aging. Physical inactivity in older adults is linked to chronic diseases, functional declines, and increased risks of multimorbidity, falls, hospitalization, institutionalization, and mortality. Exercise interventions are essential to improve function and health in this population. Recent advancements highlight the importance of tailored exercise prescriptions, cost impacts, minimal effective power training doses, and multicomponent interventions such as the VIVIFRAIL program. This review emphasizes the significance of multicomponent exercise with power training in improving physical function in frail older adults. Resistance and power training alone may not enhance gait and balance, but a 12-week multicomponent program combining these elements significantly improves various physical and cognitive outcomes. Economic analyses demonstrate that such interventions reduce healthcare costs by decreasing hospitalizations. The VIVIFRAIL program successfully implements these approaches in community and healthcare settings, underscoring the positive impact on the well-being of older adults. Ongoing research and implementation of multicomponent exercise programs are vital for promoting health and independence in the aging population.
Open Access
Strength and endurance training prescription in healthy and frail elderly
(International Society on Aging and Disease (ISOAD), 2014) Lusa Cadore, Eduardo; Pinto, Ronei Silveira; Bottaro, Martim; Izquierdo Redín, Mikel; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak
Aging is associated with declines in the neuromuscular and cardiovascular systems, resulting in an impaired capacity to perform daily activities. Frailty is an age-associated biological syndrome characterized by decreases in the biological functional reserve and resistance to stressors due to changes in several physiological systems, which puts older individuals at special risk of disability. To counteract the neuromuscular and cardiovascular declines associated with aging, as well as to prevent and treat the frailty syndrome, the strength and endurance training seems to be an effective strategy to improve muscle hypertrophy, strength and power output, as well as endurance performance. The first purpose of this review was discuss the neuromuscular adaptations to strength training, as well as the cardiovascular adaptations to endurance training in healthy and frail elderly subjects. In addition, the second purpose of this study was investigate the concurrent training adaptations in the elderly. Based on the results found, the combination of strength and endurance training (i.e., concurrent training) performed at moderate volume and moderate to high intensity in elderly populations is the most effective way to improve both neuromuscular and cardiorespiratory functions. Moreover, exercise interventions that include muscle power training should be prescribed to frail elderly in order to improve the overall physical status of this population and prevent disability.
Open Access
Assessing the impact of physical exercise on cognitive function in older medical patients during acute hospitalization: secondary analysis of a randomized trial
(PLoS, 2019) López Sáez de Asteasu, Mikel; Martínez Velilla, Nicolás; Zambom Ferraresi, Fabrício; Casas Herrero, Álvaro; Lusa Cadore, Eduardo; Galbete Jiménez, Arkaitz; Izquierdo Redín, Mikel; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
Background: Acute illness requiring hospitalization frequently is a sentinel event leading to long-term disability in older people. Prolonged bed rest increases the risk of developing cognitive impairment and dementia in acutely hospitalized older adults. Exercise protocols applied during acute hospitalization can prevent functional decline in older patients, but exercise benefits on specific cognitive domains have not been previously investigated. We aimed to assess the effects of a multicomponent exercise intervention for cognitive function in older adults during acute hospitalization. Methods and findings: We performed a secondary analysis of a single-blind randomized clinical trial (RCT) conducted from February 1, 2015, to August 30, 2017 in an Acute Care of the Elderly (ACE) unit in a tertiary public hospital in Navarre (Spain). 370 hospitalized patients (aged ≥75 years) were randomly allocated to an exercise intervention (n = 185) or a control (n = 185) group (usual care). The intervention consisted of a multicomponent exercise training program performed during 5–7 consecutive days (2 sessions/day). The usual care group received habitual hospital care, which included physical rehabilitation when needed. The main outcomes were change in executive function from baseline to discharge, assessed with the dual-task (i.e., verbal and arithmetic) Gait Velocity Test (GVT) and the Trail Making Test Part A (TMT-A). Changes in the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) test and verbal fluency ability were also measured after the intervention period. The physical exercise program provided significant benefits over usual care. At discharge, the exercise group showed a mean increase of 0.1 m/s (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.07, 0.13; p < 0.001) in the verbal GVT and 0.1 m/s (95% CI, 0.08, 0.13; p < 0.001) in the arithmetic GVT over usual care group. There was an apparent improvement in the intervention group also in the TMT-A score (−31.1 seconds; 95% CI, −49.5, −12.7 versus −3.13 seconds; 95% CI, −16.3, 10.2 in the control group; p < 0.001) and the MMSE score (2.10 points; 95% CI, 1.75, 2.46 versus 0.27 points; 95% CI, −0.08, 0.63; p < 0.001). Significant benefits were also observed in the exercise group for the verbal fluency test (mean 2.16 words; 95% CI, 1.56, 2.74; p < 0.001) over the usual care group. The main limitations of the study were patients’ difficulty in completing all the tasks at both hospital admission and discharge (e.g., 25% of older patients were unable to complete the arithmetic GVT, and 47% could not complete the TMT-A), and only old patients with relatively good functional capacity at preadmission (i.e., Barthel Index score ≥60 points) were included in the study. Conclusions: An individualized, multicomponent exercise training program may be an effective therapy for improving cognitive function (i.e., executive function and verbal fluency domains) in very old patients during acute hospitalization. These findings support the need for a shift from the traditional (bedrest-based) hospitalization to one that recognizes the important role of maintaining functional capacity and cognitive function in older adults, key components of intrinsic capacity.
Open Access
Construct validity and test-retest reliability of the International Fitness Scale (IFIS) in Colombian children and adolescents aged 9-17.9 years: the FUPRECOL study
(PeerJ, 2017) Ramírez Vélez, Robinson; Cruz Salazar, Sandra Milena; Martínez, Myriam; Lusa Cadore, Eduardo; Alonso Martínez, Alicia; Correa Bautista, Jorge Enrique; Izquierdo Redín, Mikel; Ortega, Francisco B.; García Hermoso, Antonio; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak
Background: there is a lack of instruments and studies written in Spanish evaluating physical fitness, impeding the determination of the current status of this important health indicator in the Latin population, especially in Colombia. The aim of the study was two-fold: to examine the validity of the International Fitness Scale (IFIS) with a population-based sample of schoolchildren from Bogota, Colombia and to examine the reliability of the IFIS with children and adolescents from Engativa, Colombia. Methods: the sample comprised 1,873 Colombian youths (54.5% girls) aged 9–17.9 years. We measured their adiposity markers (waist-to-height ratio, skinfold thickness, percentage of body fat and body mass index), blood pressure, lipids profile, fasting glucose, and physical fitness level (self-reported and measured). A validated cardiometabolic risk index score was also used. An age- and sex-matched subsample of 229 schoolchildren who were not originally included in the sample completed the IFIS twice for reliability purposes. Results: our data suggest that both measured and self-reported overall physical fitness levels were inversely associated with percentage of body fat indicators and the cardiometabolic risk index score. Overall, schoolchildren who self-reported “good” or “very good” fitness had better measured fitness levels than those who reported “very poor/poor” fitness (all p < 0.001). The test-retest reliability of the IFIS items was also good, with an average weighted kappa of 0.811. Discussion: our findings suggest that self-reported fitness, as assessed by the IFIS, is a valid, reliable, and health-related measure. Furthermore, it can be a good alternative for future use in large studies with Latin schoolchildren from Colombia.
Open Access
Chronic effects of different intensities of power training on neuromuscular parameters in older people: a systematic review with meta-analysis
(Springer, 2023) Guimarães, Marcelo Bandeira; Blanco‑Rambo, Eduarda; Vieira, Alexandra Ferreira; López Sáez de Asteasu, Mikel; Pinto, Ronei Silveira; Izquierdo Redín, Mikel; Lusa Cadore, Eduardo; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak
Background Power training (PT) has been shown to be an efective method for improving muscle function, includ‑ ing maximal strength, measured by one-repetition maximum (1RM), and power output in older adults. However, it is not clear how PT intensity, expressed as a percentage of 1RM, afects the magnitude of these changes. The aim of this systematic review (International prospective register of systematic reviews—PROSPERO—registration: CRD42022369874) was to summarize the evidence from randomized clinical trials (RCT) assessing the efects of lowintensity (≤49% of 1RM) and moderate-intensity (50–69% of 1RM) versus high-intensity (≥70% of 1RM) PT on maximal power output and maximal strength in older adults. Methods We included RCTs that examined the efects of diferent intensities of power training on maximum strength and power output in older people. The search was performed using PubMed, LILACS, Embase, and Scopus. Methodological quality was assessed using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA 2020 statement checklist), and the quality of evidence was determined using the PEDro scale. Data were analyzed using standardized mean diferences (SMD) with a 95% confdence interval (CI), and random efects models were used for calculations. A signifcance level of p≤0.05 was accepted. Results Three RCTs assessing 179 participants, all of high methodological quality, were included. There were no sig‑ nifcant diferences between diferent PT intensities in terms of power output gains for leg press [SMD=0.130 (95% CI −0.19, 0.45), p=0.425] and knee extension exercises [SMD: 0.016 (95% CI −0.362, 0.395), p=0.932], as well as leg press 1RM increases [SMD: 0.296 (95% CI −0.03, 0.62); p=0.072]. However, high-intensity PT (70–80% of 1RM) was sig‑ nifcantly more efective than low-intensity PT in increasing 1RM for knee extension exercise [SMD: 0.523 (95% CI 0.14, 1.91), p=0.008]. Conclusions PT performed at low-to-moderate intensities induces similar power gains compared to high-inten‑ sity PT (70–80% of 1RM) in older adults. Nonetheless, the infuence of PT intensity on lower-limb strength gains seems to be dependent on the assessed exercise. Cautious interpretation is warranted considering the inclusion of only three studies.
Open Access
Inter-individual variability in response to exercise intervention or usual care in hospitalized older adults
(Wiley, 2019) López Sáez de Asteasu, Mikel; Martínez Velilla, Nicolás; Zambom Ferraresi, Fabrício; Casas Herrero, Álvaro; Lusa Cadore, Eduardo; Ramírez Vélez, Robinson; Izquierdo Redín, Mikel; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua, 2186/2014
Background: Exercise protocols applied during hospitalization can prevent functional and cognitive decline in older adults. The purpose of this study was to examine the individual response of acutely hospitalized patients to usual care and to physical exercise on functional capacity, muscle strength, and cognitive function and to assess the relationship with mortality at 1 year post-discharge. Methods: In a single-blind randomized clinical trial, 370 hospitalized patients [56.5% women; mean age (standard deviation) 87.3 (4.9) years] were allocated to an exercise intervention group (IG, n = 185) or a control group (CG, n = 185). The participants were older adults aged 75 years or older in an acute care unit in a tertiary public hospital in Navarra, Spain. The usual care group received habitual hospital care, which included physical rehabilitation when needed. The in-hospital intervention included individualized multicomponent exercise training programme performed during 5–7 consecutive days (two sessions/day). Functional capacity was assessed with the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) test and the Gait Velocity Test (GVT). Handgrip strength and cognitive function were also measured at admission and discharge. Patients in both groups were categorized as responders (Rs), non-responders (NRs), and adverse responders (ARs) based on the individual response to each treatment during hospitalization. Results: The prevalence of Rs was higher and the prevalence of NRs and ARs was lower in the intervention group than in the control group for functional capacity (SPPB IG: Rs 85.3%, NRs 8.7%, ARs 6.0% vs. CG: Rs 37.9%, NRs 28.8%, ARs 33.3% and GVT IG: Rs 51.2%, NRs 47.3, ARs 1.6% vs. CG: Rs 18.0%, NRs 67.7%, ARs 14.3%), muscle strength (IG: Rs 62.3%, NRs 26.5%, ARs 11.3% vs. CG: Rs 20.0%, NRs 38.0%, ARs 42.0%), and cognition (IG: Rs 41.5%, NRs 57.1%, ARs 1.4% vs. CG: Rs 13.8%, NRs 76.6%, ARs 9.7%) (all P < 0.001). The ARs for the GVT in the control group and the ARs for the SPPB in the intervention group had a significantly higher rate of mortality than the NRs and Rs in the equivalent groups (0.01 and 0.03, respectively) at follow-up. Conclusions: Older patients performing an individualized exercise intervention presented higher prevalence of Rs and a lower prevalence of NRs and ARs for functional capacity, muscle strength, and cognitive function than those who were treated with usual care during acute hospitalization. An adverse response on functional capacity in older patients to physical exercise or usual care during hospitalization was associated with mortality at 1 year post-discharge.
Open Access
Strength training with repetitions to failure does not provide additional strength and muscle hypertrophy gains in young women
(PAGEPress, 2017) Martorelli, Saulo; Lusa Cadore, Eduardo; Izquierdo Redín, Mikel; Celes, Rodrigo; Martorelli, André; Cleto, Vitor Alonso; Alvarenga, José Gustavo; Bottaro, Martim; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak
This study investigated the effects of a 10-week resistance training to failure on neuromuscular adaptations in young women. Eighty-nine active young women were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1) repetitions to failure (RF; three sets of repetitions to failure); 2) repetitions not to failure with equalized volume (RNFV; four sets of 7 repetitions); and 3) repetitions not to failure (RNF; three sets of 7 repetitions). All groups performed the elbow flexor exercise (bilateral biceps curl) and trained 2 days per week using 70% of 1RM. There were significant increases (p<0.05) in muscle strength after 5 (15.9% for RF, 18.4% for RNF, and 19.9% for RNFV) and 10 (28.3% for RF, 26.8% for RNF, and 28.3% for RNFV) weeks of training, with no significant differences between groups. Additionally, muscular endurance increased after 5 and 10 weeks, with no differences between groups. However, peak torque (PT) increased significantly at 180°.s-1 in the RNFV (13.7%) and RNF (4.1%) groups (p<0.05), whereas no changes were observed in the RF group (-0.5%). Muscle thickness increased significantly (p<0.05) in the RF and RNFV groups after 5 (RF: 8.4% and RNFV: 2.3%) and 10 weeks of training (RF: 17.5%, and RNFV: 8.5%), whereas no significant changes were observed in the RNF group (3.9 and 2.1% after 5 and 10 weeks, respectively). These data suggest that short-term training of repetitions to failure do not yield additional overall neuromuscular improvements in young women.
Open Access
International exercise recommendations in older adults (ICFSR): expert consensus guidelines
(Springer, 2021) Izquierdo Redín, Mikel; Merchant, R.A.; Morley, John E.; Anker, S.D.; Aprahamian, I.; Arai, H.; Aubertin-Leheudre, M.; Bernabei, R.; Lusa Cadore, Eduardo; Cesari, Matteo; Chen, L.-K.; Souto Barreto, Philipe de; Duque, Gustavo; Ferrucci, L.; Fielding, R.A.; García Hermoso, Antonio; Gutiérrez Robledo, L.M.; Harridge, S.D.R.; Kirk, B.; Kritchevsky, S.; Landi, F.; Lazarus, N.; Martin, F.C.; Marzetti, E.; Pahor, M.; Ramírez Vélez, Robinson; Rodríguez Mañas, Leocadio; Rolland, Y.; Ruiz, J.G.; Theou, O.; Villareal, D.T.; Waters, D.L.; Won Won, C.; Woo, J.; Vellas, Bruno; Fiatarone Singh, Maria; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak
The human ageing process is universal, ubiquitous and inevitable. Every physiological function is being continuously diminished. There is a range between two distinct phenotypes of ageing, shaped by patterns of living-experiences and behaviours, and in particular by the presence or absence of physical activity (PA) and structured exercise (i.e., a sedentary lifestyle). Ageing and a sedentary lifestyle are associated with declines in muscle function and cardiorespiratory fitness, resulting in an impaired capacity to perform daily activities and maintain independent functioning. However, in the presence of adequate exercise/PA these changes in muscular and aerobic capacity with age are substantially attenuated. Additionally, both structured exercise and overall PA play important roles as preventive strategies for many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes, osteoporosis, and obesity; improvement of mobility, mental health, and quality of life; and reduction in mortality, among other benefits. Notably, exercise intervention programmes improve the hallmarks of frailty (low body mass, strength, mobility, PA level, energy) and cognition, thus optimising functional capacity during ageing. In these pathological conditions exercise is used as a therapeutic agent and follows the precepts of identifying the cause of a disease and then using an agent in an evidence-based dose to eliminate or moderate the disease. Prescription of PA/structured exercise should therefore be based on the intended outcome (e.g., primary prevention, improvement in fitness or functional status or disease treatment), and individualised, adjusted and controlled like any other medical treatment. In addition, in line with other therapeutic agents, exercise shows a dose-response effect and can be individualised using different modalities, volumes and/or intensities as appropriate to the health state or medical condition. Importantly, exercise therapy is often directed at several physiological systems simultaneously, rather than targeted to a single outcome as is generally the case with pharmacological approaches to disease management. There are diseases for which exercise is an alternative to pharmacological treatment (such as depression), thus contributing to the goal of deprescribing of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMS). There are other conditions where no effective drug therapy is currently available (such as sarcopenia or dementia), where it may serve a primary role in prevention and treatment. Therefore, this consensus statement provides an evidence-based rationale for using exercise and PA for health promotion and disease prevention and treatment in older adults. Exercise prescription is discussed in terms of the specific modalities and doses that have been studied in randomised controlled trials for their effectiveness in attenuating physiological changes of ageing, disease prevention, and/or improvement of older adults with chronic disease and disability. Recommendations are proposed to bridge gaps in the current literature and to optimise the use of exercise/PA both as a preventative medicine and as a therapeutic agent.
Open Access
Dose-response relationship between exercise duration and enhanced function and cognition in acutely hospitalized older adults: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical Trial
(Oxford University Press, 2024-06-01) López Sáez de Asteasu, Mikel; Martínez Velilla, Nicolás; Zambom Ferraresi, Fabrício; Galbete Jiménez, Arkaitz; Ramírez Vélez, Robinson; Lusa Cadore, Eduardo; Abizanda, Pedro; Gómez-Pavón, Javier; Izquierdo Redín, Mikel; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak; Estadística, Informática y Matemáticas; Estatistika, Informatika eta Matematika; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
Background and objectives: exercise may reverse functional decline in hospitalized older adults, but the optimal duration is unclear. This study examined the potential relationship between in-hospital multicomponent exercise program duration and changes in physical function, cognition, and muscle function to maximize exercise-related health benefits in acutely hospitalized older patients. Research design and methods: this secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial examined the relationship between the duration of an in-hospital multicomponent exercise program and changes in physical function, cognition, and muscle strength in 570 acutely hospitalized older adults. Participants completed 3, 4, or 5-7 consecutive days of exercise based on the progression of their acute medical illness. The acute clinical condition of the older patients was similar across the study groups (i.e., 3/4/5-7 days) at admission. Outcomes included the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) for functional capacity, Gait Velocity Test for gait speed, handgrip for muscle strength, and cognitive tests. Results: of the 570 patients included in the analysis, 298 were women (52.3%), and the mean (SD) age was 87.3 (4.8) years. Exercise groups increased SPPB scores compared with controls, with gains of 1.09 points after three days, 1.97 points after four days, and 2.02 points after 5-7 days (p < .001). The 4-day program showed the most significant benefit for functional capacity. Gait velocity increased by 0.11 m/s after 4 and 5-7 days (p = .032). Similar dose-response relationships were seen for handgrip strength and cognition, with 5-7 days showing more significant gains than three days (p < .05). Discussion and implications: multicomponent exercise programs enhance physical and cognitive function in hospitalized older adults, regardless of exercise dosage. A 4-day program significantly boosts functional capacity, although 5-7 days improves handgrip strength and cognition, highlighting the importance of exercise dosage in countering functional decline. Implementing evidence-based inpatient exercise prescriptions can help reverse muscle weakness and improve cognitive and physical function.