Rubio Varas, María del Mar
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Rubio Varas
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María del Mar
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Economía
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INARBE. Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics
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Publication Open Access The Energy Mix Concentration Index (EMCI): methodological considerations for implementation(Elsevier B.V., 2019) Rubio Varas, María del Mar; Muñoz Delgado, Beatriz; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBEThe Energy Mix Concentration Index (EMCI)is a quantitative indicator of concentration of the energy mix based upon the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index. We use the EMCI to compare the evolution of the diversification (versus concentration)of energy mixes in the long-term in order to reveal the transformations of the energy structures which determine energy transitions. In this methodological paper we make explicit how to aggregate the energy sources in order to calculate the EMCI, including questions of detail such us the level of aggregation and the transformation of primary electricity to add it up to total consumption. We present alternative figures that illustrate some additional aspects of the relation of the EMCI to total consumption, consumption per capita and energy annual growth. We also show the sensitivity of the indicator to alternative specifications (with and without pre-modern energy sources)and alternative data sets, proving its robustness. Indicate how to aggregate energy carriers in the calculation of a quantitative index of concentration of the energy mix. Compare alternative specifications (with or without pre-modern energy carriers). EMCI focus on the major energy sources in the energy systems.Publication Open Access Transiciones energéticas en España(Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza, 2024) Muñoz Delgado, Beatriz; Rubio Varas, María del Mar; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBEEl consumo de fuentes de energía ha sido una constante a lo largo de la historia de la humanidad. Conforme las sociedades se han ido desarrollando, han ido incrementando la cantidad, la diversidad y la calidad de las energías demandadas para satisfacer sus necesidades. Esta evolución ha motivado cambios en los sistemas energéticos: en su estructura (variedad de energías empleadas), tecnologías e infraestructuras asociadas, eficiencia, intensidad, seguridad de suministro y en sus impactos medioambientales, haciendo más complejos y determinantes a los sistemas energéticos. Estos cambios han permitido la expansión de la capacidad de transformación del entorno por parte de los seres humanos, una mayor complejidad de las sociedades y la ampliación de la frontera de posibilidades de producción y consumo. En este fluir de los acontecimientos, se han ido produciendo una serie de transiciones energéticas.Publication Open Access 200 years diversifying the energy mix? Diversification paths of the energy baskets of European early comers vs. latecomers(Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 2017) Rubio Varas, María del Mar; Muñoz Delgado, Beatriz; Economía; EkonomiaThe changes in the composition of the energy basket in the long run lead to energy transitions. Primary energy substitution models allow addressing these phenomena. However, the diversification paths of the energy mix of different countries in a long term compared perspective have not been studied yet. This paper proposes an indicator, based on the Herfindahl‐Hirschman Index, the Energy Mix Concentration Index (EMCI), to quantify the degree of diversification of the primary energy basket of eight European countries over the last two centuries. The results reveal that early comers, which are large energy consumers, required a huge concentration of their energy basket in the 19th century; however, the observed countries had converged to similar levels of diversification of their energy mixes from the second half of the 20th century, and more crucially after the oil crises. For some countries, today’s degree of diversification is the largest in their energy histories, but it is not the case for all of them. Our results suggest that small energy consuming countries would be able to achieve higher diversification, and therefore to do a faster transition to a low carbón economy, than large energy consumers.Publication Open Access Long-term diversification paths and energy transitions in Europe(Elsevier B.V., 2019) Rubio Varas, María del Mar; Muñoz Delgado, Beatriz; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBEThe authors propose a synthetic indicator that allows one to compare and contrast the evolution of the composition of the primary energy baskets of eight European countries over the last two centuries, and quantitatively analyze the degree of concentration (versus diversity) of their energy mixes throughout the period. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: section 2 explains the data sources and the methodology used based on concentration measures. The subsequent section focuses on the Energy Mix Concentration Index analysis and the results obtained. The article ends with a few concluding remarks.