Rubio Varas, María del Mar
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Rubio Varas
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María del Mar
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Economía
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INARBE. Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics
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Publication Open Access 200 years diversifying the energy mix? Diversification paths of the energy baskets of European early comers vs. latecomers(Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 2017) Rubio Varas, María del Mar; Muñoz Delgado, Beatriz; Economía; EkonomiaThe changes in the composition of the energy basket in the long run lead to energy transitions. Primary energy substitution models allow addressing these phenomena. However, the diversification paths of the energy mix of different countries in a long term compared perspective have not been studied yet. This paper proposes an indicator, based on the Herfindahl‐Hirschman Index, the Energy Mix Concentration Index (EMCI), to quantify the degree of diversification of the primary energy basket of eight European countries over the last two centuries. The results reveal that early comers, which are large energy consumers, required a huge concentration of their energy basket in the 19th century; however, the observed countries had converged to similar levels of diversification of their energy mixes from the second half of the 20th century, and more crucially after the oil crises. For some countries, today’s degree of diversification is the largest in their energy histories, but it is not the case for all of them. Our results suggest that small energy consuming countries would be able to achieve higher diversification, and therefore to do a faster transition to a low carbón economy, than large energy consumers.Publication Open Access Freshwater for cooling needs: a long-run approach to the nuclear water footprint in Spain(Elsevier, 2017) Sesma Martín, Diego; Rubio Varas, María del Mar; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; EconomíaFrom the invention of the steam engine to the present, water has represented a significant input to the energy system, although this has been mostly ignored in the literature. In Spain, the most arid country in Europe, studies about water footprint typically just consider domestic, agricultural and industrial water uses, but water requirements for the electricity sector are omitted despite our dependence on thermal power. It has been demonstrated that for each available cooling technology, nuclear needs and consumption of water tend to be larger per MWh generated. We calculate a first approximation to the Spanish nuclear water footprint from 1969 to 2015. Our results show that while water consumed by Spanish nuclear power plants are around 3 m3 per capita/year, water withdrawals per capita/year are around 70 m3. Moreover, our analysis allows extracting conclusions focusing on a River Basins approach. What is the water impact of our nuclear power plants? Will water limit our energy future? These are some of the issues at stake.Publication Open Access Las dimensiones sociales de la percepción de la energía nuclear. Un análisis del caso español (1960-2015)(CSIC, 2017) Espluga Trenc, Josep; Medina, Beatriz; Presas, Albert; Rubio Varas, María del Mar; Torre Campo, Joseba de la; Economía; EkonomiaLa energía nuclear es una tecnología compleja, que requiere un uso muy intensivo de recursos y una toma de decisiones muy centralizada, cuya gobernanza supone un auténtico reto para las sociedades democráticas. En el presente artículo se exploran las percepciones sociales sobre la energía nuclear en España a partir de un análisis de encuestas de opinión y de los argumentos de actores de tres estudios de caso (Vandellós I, Valdecaballeros y ATC). Los resultados muestran cómo las argumentaciones de unos y otros actores se basan en diferentes dimensiones del riesgo, a menudo ignoradas en las encuestas y por varios de los actores, lo cual supone una seria dificultad para superar las controversias suscitadas por este tipo de energía.