Teijido Hermida, Óscar
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Teijido Hermida
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Óscar
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Ciencias de la Salud
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Publication Open Access Pharmacogenetics of vascular risk factors in Alzheimer's disease(MDPI, 2018-01-03) Cacabelos, Ramón; Meyyazhagan, Arun; Carril, Juan Carlos; Cacabelos, Pablo; Teijido Hermida, Óscar; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun ZientziakAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a polygenic/complex disorder in which genomic, epigenomic, cerebrovascular, metabolic, and environmental factors converge to define a progressive neurodegenerative phenotype. Pharmacogenetics is a major determinant of therapeutic outcome in AD. Different categories of genes are potentially involved in the pharmacogenetic network responsible for drug efficacy and safety, including pathogenic, mechanistic, metabolic, transporter, and pleiotropic genes. However, most drugs exert pleiotropic effects that are promiscuously regulated for different gene products. Only 20% of the Caucasian population are extensive metabolizers for tetragenic haplotypes integrating CYP2D6-CYP2C19-CYP2C9-CYP3A4/5 variants. Patients harboring CYP-related poor (PM) and/or ultra-rapid (UM) geno-phenotypes display more irregular profiles in drug metabolism than extensive (EM) or intermediate (IM) metabolizers. Among 111 pentagenic (APOE-APOB-APOC3-CETP-LPL) haplotypes associated with lipid metabolism, carriers of the H26 haplotype (23-TT-CG-AG-CC) exhibit the lowest cholesterol levels, and patients with the H104 haplotype (44-CC-CC-AA-CC) are severely hypercholesterolemic. Furthermore, APOE, NOS3, ACE, AGT, and CYP variants influence the therapeutic response to hypotensive drugs in AD patients with hypertension. Consequently, the implementation of pharmacogenetic procedures may optimize therapeutics in AD patients under polypharmacy regimes for the treatment of concomitant vascular disorders.Publication Open Access Pharmacogenomics of Alzheimer's disease: genetic determinants of phenotypic variation and therapeutic outcome(SciTech Central, 2016-11-16) Cacabelos, Ramón; Carril, Juan Carlos; Cacabelos, Pablo; Teijido Hermida, Óscar; Goldgaber, Dmitry; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun ZientziakAlzheimer's disease is a polygenic/complex disorder in which genomic, epigenomic, cerebrovascular, metabolic, and environmental factors converge to define a progressive neurodegenerative phenotype. Conventional anti-dementia drugs are not cost-effective, and pharmacological breakthroughs have not been achieved for the past 10 years. Major determinants of therapeutic outcome in Alzheimer's disease (AD) include age- and sex-related factors, pathogenic phenotype, concomitant disorders, treatment modality and polypharmacy, and pharmacogenetics. Different categories of genes are potentially involved in the pharmacogenetic network responsible for drug efficacy and safety. Pathogenic, mechanistic, metabolic, transporter, and pleiotropic genes represent the major genetic determinants of response to treatment in AD. In pharmacogenetic studies, APOE-4 carriers are the worst responders and APOE-3 carriers are the best responders to conventional treatments. Patients harboring a large (L) number of poly T repeats in intrón 6 of the TOMM40 gene (L/L or S/L genotypes) in haplotypes associated with APOE-4 are the worst responders whereas patients with short (S) TOMM40 poly T variants (S/S genotype), and to a lesser extent S/VL and VL/VL carriers, in haplotypes with APOE-3 are the best responders to treatment. Only 25% of the Caucasian population are extensive metabolizers for trigenic haplotypes integrating CYP2D6- CYP2C19-CYP2C9 variants. Patients harboring CYP-related por (PM) and/or ultra-rapid (UM) geno-phenotypes display more irregular profiles in drug metabolism than extensive (EM) or intermediate (IM) metabolizers. Among 111 pentagenic (APOE-APOB-APOC3-CETP-LPL) haplotypes associated with lipid metabolism, carriers of the H26 haplotype (23-TT-CG- AG-CC) exhibit the lowest cholesterol levels and patients with the H104 haplotype (44-CC-CC-AA-CC) are severely hypercholesterolemic. Epigenetic aberrations (DNA methylation, histone modifications, miRNA dysregulation) in genes configuring the pharmacoepigenetic cascade also influence the response/resistance to drugs. Consequently, novel strategies in drug development, either preventive or therapeutic, for AD should take into consideration these pharmacogenetic determinants for treatment optimization.