Open Access
Thermally-triggered crystal dynamics and permanent porosity in the first heptatungstate-metalorganic three-dimensional hybrid framework
(Wiley, 2017) Martín Caballero, Jagoba; Artetxe, Beñat; Reinoso, Santiago; San Felices, Leire; Castillo, Óscar; Beobide, Garikoitz; Vilas, José Luis; Gutiérrez Zorrilla, Juan M.; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2
The hybrid compound [{Cu(cyclam)}3(W7O24)]⋅15.5 H2O (1) (cyclam=1,4,8,11-tetraaza-cyclotetradecane) was synthesized by reacting the {Cu(cyclam)}2+ complex with a tungstate source in water at pH 8. Compound 1 exhibits an unprecedented three-dimensional covalent structure built of heptatungstate clusters linked through metalorganic complexes in a POMOF-like framework that displays water-filled channels. This dynamic architecture undergoes two sequential single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformations upon thermal evacuation of water molecules to result in the partially dehydrated [{Cu(cyclam)}3(W7O24)]⋅12 H2O (2) and anhydrous [Cu(cyclam)]0.5[{Cu(cyclam)}2.5(W7O24)] (3) crystalline phases. These transitions are associated with cluster rotations and modifications in the CuII coordination geometries, which reduce the dimensionality of the original lattice to layered systems but preserving the porous nature. Phase 3 reverts to 2 upon exposure to ambient moisture, whereas the transition between 1 and 2 proved to be irreversible. The permanent microporosity of 3 was confirmed by gas sorption measurements (N2, CO2), which reveal a system of parallel channels made of wide cavities connected through narrow necks that limit the adsorption process. This observation is in good agreement with Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulations.
Open Access
Immobilization of polyoxometalates on tailored polymeric surfaces
(MDPI, 2018) Aguado-Ureta, Saioa; Rodríguez-Hernández, Juan; Campo, Adolfo del; Pérez-Álvarez, Leyre; Ruiz-Rubio, Leire; Vilas, José Luis; Artetxe, Beñat; Reinoso, Santiago; Gutiérrez Zorrilla, Juan M.; Ciencias; Zientziak
Herein we describe the preparation of hybrid polymer–inorganic interfaces by the immobilization of polyoxometalate nanoclusters on functionalized polymer surfaces. The polymeric surfaces were made of polystyrene-b-poly(acrylic acid)/polystyrene (PS-b-PAA/PS) blends by spin coating on a silicon wafer. The functionalization of the polymer film was obtained by interfacial migration of the amphiphilic block copolymer toward the interface upon water vapor annealing. The carboxylic acid functional groups contained in the PAA block were then employed to anchor the [LnIII(α-SiW11O39)]5− polyoxometalates (Ln: Ce, Er). This purpose was achieved by immersing the films in aqueous solutions of the in situ-formed inorganic nanoclusters. X-ray photoelectron and confocal Raman spectroscopies, together with atomic force microscopy, confirmed the immobilization of the inorganic species at the interface.
Open Access
Zirconia-supported 11-molybdovanadophosphoric acid catalysts: effect of the preparation method on their catalytic activity and selectivity
(Wiley, 2018) El Bakkali, Bouchra; Trautwein, Guido; Alcañiz Monge, Juan; Reinoso, Santiago; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
The oxidation of adamantane with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by zirconia-supported 11-molybdovanadophosphoric acid is shown to be a suitable green route for the synthesis of adamantanol and adamantanone. This work evaluates how the catalyst activity and selectivity are affected by some of its preparative parameters, such as the method for supporting the catalytically active heteropoly acid over the zirconia matrix or the pretreatments applied to the resulting materials before being used as heterogeneous catalysts. Our results indicate that the most effective catalysts able to maintain their activity after several reaction runs are those prepared by following the sol-gel route, whereas the most selective catalysts are those obtained by impregnation methods. Moreover, the calcination temperature has also been identified as a relevant parameter influencing the performance of catalysts based on supported heteropoly acids. The increasing catalytic activity observed over several consecutive reaction runs has been attributed to the formation of peroxo derivatives of polyoxometalate clusters at the surface of the catalyst and their accumulation after each reaction cycle.
Open Access
Polioxometalatoak ingurune urtsuan: egitura esanguratsuenak
(Universidad de País Vasco, 2021) Ruiz-Bilbao, E.; Fernández Navarro, Leticia; Artetxe, Beñat; San-Felices, L.; Reinoso, Santiago; Ciencias; Zientziak; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2
Polioxometalatoen (POMen) konposizio eta egitura aniztasun ikaragarria, ur disoluzioan aurkezten dituzten oreka kimiko dinamikoen emaitza dira. Izan ere, beraien eraketa prozesuak ingurune azidotan gertatzen diren oxoanioien kondentsazio konplexuetan oinarrituta daude eta ondorioz, pH baldintza jakinetan zenbait metal-oxigeno kluster ezberdin daude orekan. Hortaz, POMei dagozkien topologia garrantzitsuenen ikuspegi orokorra aurkezten da lan honetan, pHaren arabera ur disoluzioan agertzen diren espezie nagusiei erreparatuz. Lehenik, ohiko iso- eta hetero-polioxobanadato, -polioxomolibdato eta ¿polioxowolframatoak aztertu dira eta bukatzeko hain konbentzionalak ez diren POM familietan jarri da arreta; hala nola, molibdato erraldoiak, uranio peroxo-klusterrak eta metal noblez osatutako egiturak..
Open Access
Consecutive single-crystal-to-single-crystal isomerization of novel octamolybdate anions within a microporous hybrid framework with robust water sorption properties
(Wiley, 2023) Ruiz Bilbao, Estíbaliz; Iturrospe, Amaia; Reinoso, Santiago; Artetxe, Beñat; Beobide, Garikoitz; San Felices, Leire; Lezama, Luis; Gutiérrez Zorrilla, Juan M.; Darwish, Shaza; Sensharma, Debobroto; Zaworotko, Michael J.; Ciencias; Zientziak; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2
The 3D hybrid framework [{Cu(cyclam)}3(kMo8O27)]· 14H2O (1) (cyclam=1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) undergoes sequential single-crystal-to-singlecrystal transformations upon heating to afford two different anhydrous phases (2 a and 3a). These transitions modify the framework dimensionality and enable the isomerization of k-octamolybdate (k-Mo8) anions into λ (2 a) and μ (3 a) forms through metal migration. Hydration of 3 a involves condensation of one water molecule to the cluster to afford the γ-Mo8 isomer in 4, which dehydrates back into 3a through the 6a intermediate. In contrast, 2a reversibly hydrates to form 5, exhibiting the same Mo8 cluster as that of 1. It is remarkable that three of the Mo8 clusters (k, λ and μ) are new and that up to three different microporous phases can be isolated from 1 (2 a, 3a, and 6a). Water vapor sorption analyses show high recyclability and the highest uptake values for POM-based systems. The isotherms display an abrupt step at low humidity level desirable for humidity control devices or water harvesting in drylands.
Open Access
Polioxometalatoak: elhuyar anaien ametsak bizirik dirau!
(Universidad del País Vasco, 2017) Artetxe, Beñat; Reinoso, Santiago; Gutiérrez Zorrilla, Juan M.; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2
Polioxometalatoak (POMak) kimika ez-organikoaren munduan ezagunak diren metalez eta oxigenoz osatutako kluster anionikoak dira. Azaldu ohi duten forma, konposizio eta propietate aniztasunaren ondorioz, POMek aplikazio ugari dituzte teknologiari, ekonomiari edo ingurugiroari lotutako arlo ezberdinetan. Nahiz eta aspaldidanik aplikazio katalitikoetan erabili, gaur egun etorkizunerako garrantzitsuak izango diren esparru oso ezberdinetarako ikertzen ari dira, besteak beste, hondakin-uren tratamenduan, medikuntzan, konputazio kuantikoan, energia-iturri berriztagarrietan edota sentsore kimiko lumineszenteetan. Horrengatik guztiagatik, polioxometalatoen kimika, etorkizun handiko kimika ezorganikoaren alorreko esparru dinamikoenetariko bat dela baiezta genezake.
Open Access
A simple approach to develop tailored mesoporosity in nanostructured heteropolysalts
(Wiley, 2017) Alcañiz Monge, Juan; Trautwein, Guido; El Bakkali, Bouchra; Reinoso, Santiago; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
In this study, we describe a very simple approach to the development of tailored mesoporosity in any nanostructured heteropolysalt with control over both the mesoporous volume and the pore size. This approach, which consists in the treatment of a solid microporous precursor with a basic agent, has been tested on the ammonium salt of the Keggin‐type [PMo12O40]3− heteropolyanion and constitutes a novel procedure for the preparation of mesoporous solids with no precedents. The results obtained in this study allow two main conclusions to be drawn: 1) the micro‐ and mesoporous structures in the heteropolysalt nanoparticles are independent from each other and 2) the development of mesoporosity in the solid material must be related to a process of alkaline degradation within the core of the nanocrystals that aggregate into the particles. These results afford valuable additional information to the present model of porosity that has been established for heteropolysalts.
Open Access
Monokristal-monokristal eraldaketak polioxometalatoetan oinarritutako sistemetan: termikoki aktibatutako zenbait adibide
(Universidad del País Vasco, 2019) Fernández Navarro, Leticia; Ruiz Bilbao, Estíbaliz; Artetxe, Beñat; San Felices, Leire; Iturrospe, Amaia; Reinoso, Santiago; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Kanpo-estimuluen bitartez aktibatutako fase-trantsizioak, eta haien artean kristal bakun izaera mantentzen duten kasuak, hots monokristal-monokristal (MKMK) eraldaketak, interes handikoak dira; izan ere, gai dira i) ezaugarri berriak dituzten produktuak emateko eta ii) materialaren propietateetan gertatzen diren aldaketak, egitura kristalinoak jasaten dituenekin erlazionatzeko. Polioxometalatoen (POMen) kasuan bezala, egiturei zurruntasuna ematen dieten oinarrizko unitateak erabiltzea bide egokia da prozesuan zehar gerta litekeen kristalinitatearen galera saihesteko. Gaur egun POMetan oinarritutako sistemetan aurki daitezkeen MKMK eraldaketa urrien artean, aipatzekoak dira termikoki aktibatutako adibideak. Lan honetan azken hauek laburbilduko dira eta bereziki gure ikerketa taldean prestatutako konposatuak eta haien erabilerak (katalisia eta gasen xurgapen selektiboa) goraipatuko ditugu.
Open Access
Polyoxometalates in catalysis
(Jenny Stanford Publishing, 2022) Alcañiz Monge, Juan; Reinoso, Santiago; Ciencias; Zientziak; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2
This chapter will focus on providing a basis for understanding the mechanisms involved in the catalysis carried out by selected polyoxometalate (POM)-based compounds. The catalysts discussed herein will be either insoluble POM salts or POM clusters heterogenized on porous solid supports, including activated carbon materials and metallic oxides such as zirconia. The influence on the catalytic activity of both the POM catalytic species and the active porous support will be the main aspects to be commented and analyzed in detail within the chapter.
Open Access
Gold nanoparticles capped with a novel titanium(iv)-containing polyoxomolybdate cluster: selective and enhanced bactericidal effect against Escherichia coli
(Wiley, 2024) Paesa, Mónica; Almazán, Fernando; Yus Argón, Cristina; Sebastián, Víctor; Arruebo Gordo, Manuel; Reinoso, Santiago; Pellejero, Ismael; Gandía Pascual, Luis; Mendoza, Gracia; Ciencias; Zientziak; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Bacterial infections are a public health threat of increasing concern in medical care systems; hence, the search for novel strategies to lower the use of antibiotics and their harmful effects becomes imperative. Herein, the antimicrobial performance of four polyoxometalate (POM)-stabilized gold nanoparticles (Au@POM) against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) as Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria models, respectively, is studied. The bactericidal studies performed, both in planktonic and sessile forms, evidence the antimicrobial potential of these hybrid nanostructures with selectivity toward Gram-negative species. In particular, the Au@GeMoTi composite with the novel [Ti2(HGeMo7O28)2]10¿ POM capping ligand exhibits outstanding bactericidal efficiency with a minimum inhibitory concentration of just 3.12 µm for the E. coli strain, thus outperforming the other three Au@POM counterparts. GeMoTi represents the fourth example of a water-soluble TiIV-containing polyoxomolybdate, and among them, the first sandwich-type structure having heteroatoms in high-oxidation state. The evaluation of the bactericidal mechanisms of action points to the cell membrane hyperpolarization, disruption, and subsequent nucleotide leakage and the low cytotoxicity exerted on five different cell lines at antimicrobial doses demonstrates the antibiotic-like character. These studies highlight the successful design and development of a new POM-based nanomaterial able to eradicate Gram-negative bacteria without damaging mammalian cells.