Open Access
Collaborative writing and feedback: an exploratory study of the potential of models in primary EFL students' writing performance
(John Benjamins Publishing, 2020) Luquin Urtasun, María; García Mayo, María del Pilar; Ciencias Humanas y de la Educación; Giza eta Hezkuntza Zientziak
Research on collaborative writing and models as a form of written corrective feedback has been conducted with adult participants but research with children is scarce despite the growth of early EFL learning in school settings in the past twenty years. The aim of the present exploratory study was to analyze what EFL primary school children noticed and incorporated during a three-stage task and completed in collaboration. The participants were 12 children (11¿12 years old) divided into a treatment group, which received a model, and a control group, which self-edited their texts. The findings showed that what children noticed at Stage 1 were mostly grammar LREs, whereas at Stage 2 both groups focused most of their attention on content and lexical LREs, with statistically significant differences between the treatment group and the control group. Significant differences were also found between Stage 1 and 3 regarding lexical LREs in the treatment group. Pedagogical recommendations will also be discussed in light of these findings.
Open Access
Exploring the use of models as a written corrective feedback technique among EFL children
(Elsevier, 2021) Luquin Urtasun, María; García Mayo, María del Pilar; Ciencias Humanas y de la Educación; Giza eta Hezkuntza Zientziak
The language learning potential of models, ea form of written feedback consisting of native-like texts that students compare with their original composition, has been under-represented in studies on EFL child SLA. In particular, there is a need to gather data from larger samples of participants and to use delayed post-tests to assess whether potential positive effects of models are sustained over time. The aim of the present study is to analyze what EFL primary school children notice and incorporate during a four-stage collaborative writing task. The participants in the study were 38 11-12-year-old children divided into a treatment group (TG, n = 18), which received a model, and a control group (CG, n = 20), which self-edited their texts. The children¿s pair talk was analyzed for evidence of any content and linguistic problems they noticed during the composition or comparison stages. The findings show that children in the TG noticed significantly more lexical and content-related features at the comparison stage. Moreover, the TG incorporated significantly more mechanics- and discourse-related features than the CG into the rewriting stage, and also a significantly higher number of formal and discursive aspects into the post-test. Our findings point to the apparent benefits of models with this population.
Open Access
Investigating EFL children's task motivation concerning the use of models as written corrective feedback
(Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan, 2024-12-23) García Mayo, María del Pilar; Luquin Urtasun, María; Ciencias humanas y de la educación; Giza eta Hezkuntza Zientziak
This study investigated how the inclusion of model texts as a feedback technique affected students' task motivation and engagement in writing tasks. Adopting a longitudinal design, 60 English as a foreign language (EFL) children (aged 11-12) were divided into three groups: a treatment group, a long-term treatment group, and a control group. The treatment groups received feedback that incorporated model texts as examples of proficient writing, while the control group self-corrected their texts. Task motivation was assessed through self-report questionnaires and focus group interviews. The findings showed that the children responded positively to the use of model texts, particularly those children who had been exposed to this type of feedback over a longer period. While some expressed a preference for more explicit error correction, their overall enjoyment, improvement, as well as enthusiasm for collaborative work highlight the value of integrating model texts into the EFL classroom. Based on these findings, pedagogical implications will be discussed.
Open Access
Tracking EFL children's learning: a longitudinal study of noticing and incorporation of features in model-based and self-correction tasks
(SAGE, 2025-08-25) Luquin Urtasun, María; García Mayo, María del Pilar; Ciencias humanas y de la educación; Giza eta Hezkuntza Zientziak
The current body of literature on model texts as a written corrective feedback (WCF) technique has primarily examined the interaction among participants, or the quality of written drafts. However, there is a notable gap in understanding the impact of a child’s oral interaction on their written output and the traceability of their noticing. Using a longitudinal design, the research involved 60 children (aged 11–12 years) studying English as a foreign language (EFL) who were divided into three groups: a treatment group (TG); a long-term treatment group (LTG); and a control group (CG). The treatment groups received either short-term or long-term feedback incorporating model texts as exemplars of proficient writing, while the CG relied on self-correction of their texts. The results indicate that (1) the LTG made significantly more (acceptable) revisions compared to other groups; (2) they incorporated a broader range of features in their revisions compared to previous instances and compared to their counterparts; (3) the traceability of many of these changes originated in the first draft, indicating a connection to their prior work with model texts; (4) these improvements were observed in the post-test as well; (5) some second language (L2) features emerged later in the writing process, suggesting a delayed effect of the WCF; and (6) the LTG also showed a statistically significant improvement in the accuracy of features incorporated into their subsequent writing. A number of pedagogical implications will be discussed.

Luquin Urtasun, María

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