Open Access
Profile of bioactive components of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) by-products from Ecuador and evaluation of their antioxidant activity
(MDPI, 2023) Llerena Silva, Wilma Maribel; Samaniego, Iván Rodrigo; Vallejo, Christian; Arreaga, Adner; Zhunio, Billy; Coronel, Zomayra; Quiroz, James; Angós Iturgaiz, Ignacio; Carrillo, Wilman; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura
The aim of the study was to determine the profile of bioactive compounds in cocoa residues (mucilage and bean shells), and to evaluate their antioxidant activity in two cocoa varieties, Nacional X Trinitario type (Fine Aroma) and the variety CCN-51. The extraction of phytonutrients from the residues was carried out selectively. The characterization and quantification of the total polyphenol content (TPC), and the total flavonoid content (TFC) were determined by UV–VIS spectrophotometry. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the phenolic profile and methylxanthines. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the methods of 2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation bleaching (ABTS), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The exudate mucilage samples from Nacional X Trinitario-type cocoa presented the highest content of TPC 105.08 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 mL, TFC 36.80 mg catechin equivalents (CE)/100 mL, catechin (CAT) 35.44 mg/g, procyanidins (PCB2: 35.10; PCB1: 25.68; PCC1: 16.83 mg/L), epicatechin (EPI) 13.71 mg/L, caffeine (CAF) 0.90% and theobromine (TBR) 2.65%. In the cocoa bean shell, the variety CCN-51 presented a higher content of TPC (42.17 mg GAE/100 g) and TFC (20.57 mg CE/100 g). However, CAT (16.16 mg/g), CAF (0.35%) and TBR (1.28%) were higher in the Nacional X Trinitario cocoa type. The EPI presented no significant differences between the two samples studied (0.83 and 0.84 mg/g). The antioxidant activity values (ABTS, FRAP and ORAC methods) were higher in the samples of CCN-51 than in the Nacional X Trinitario type. The bean shell samples presented antioxidant values of 171.32, 192.22 and 56.87 mg Trolox equivalents (TE)/g, respectively, and the bean shell samples presented antioxidant values of 167.06, 160.06 and 52.53 mg TE/g, respectively. The antioxidant activity (ABTS, FRAP and ORAC) of the residues was correlated with the bioactive compounds of the mucilage and bean shells, showing a strong positive correlation (<0.99) with the procyanidins (B1, B2 and C1), EPI and CAT and a positive/moderate correlation (0.94) with methylxanthines.
Open Access
Influence of the maturity stage on the phytochemical composition and the antioxidant activity of four Andean blackberry cultivars (Rubus glaucus benth) from Ecuador
(MDPI, 2020) Samaniego, Iván Rodrigo; Brito, Beatriz; Viera, William; Cabrera, Ana; Angós Iturgaiz, Ignacio; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura
Andean blackberries (Rubus glaucus Benth) are fruits rich in phytocomponents with high antioxidant activity. In this work, the changes in the total polyphenol content (TPC), the total flavonoid content (TFC), and the total anthocyanin content (TAC) of four blackberry varieties at three maturity stages (E1-25%, E2-50%, and E3-100%) were measured. The antioxidant activity (AA) was evaluated using the 2,2’azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazolin 6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. TPC and TFC content decreased with the increase in the maturity stage. The blackberry Brazos cultivar presented TPC values of 51.26, 38.16, and 31.59 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight (DW) at E1, E2, and E3, respectively. The TAC and soluble solids increased with the increase in the maturity stage of the fruits. The Andimora variety at E3 presented a high TPC content, and the Colombiana variety presented a high TFC content. The blackberry Colombiana cultivar presented TAC values of 1.40, 2.95, and 12.26 mg cy-3-glu/100g DW at E1, E2, and E3, respectively. The blackberry Colombiana cultivar presented a high AA value at 1278.63 µmol TE/g DW according to the ABTS method and 1284.55 µmol TE/g DW according to the FRAP method. The TPC and TFC showed a high correlation with the AA according to the ABTS and the FRAP methods. The Pearson correlation between the TFC and AA/ABTS has a value of r = 0.92. The TFC and AA/FRAP present a value of r = 0.94.
Open Access
Effect of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) in the antioxidant capacity of arazá (Eugenia stipitata McVaugh), naranjilla (Solanum quitoense Lam.), and tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav.) fruits from Ecuador
(Wiley, 2020) Llerena Silva, Wilma Maribel; Samaniego, Iván Rodrigo; Navarro Huidobro, Montserrat; Ortiz, Jacqueline; Angós Iturgaiz, Ignacio; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura
This study aimed to determine the effects of the modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) in the antioxidant capacity (AC) of arazá (Eugenia stipitata McVaugh), naranjilla (Solanum quitoense Lam.), and tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav.). AC was evaluated by ABTS and DPPH methods. Fruits were cold stored using three MAPs (MAP 1:2.5%2.5% O2: 5.0% CO2); (MAP 2:2.5% O2: 2.5% CO2); and (MAP 3:80% O2: 10% CO2) for 1, 4, 7, and 10 days. ABTS showed the highest AC values with respect to DPPH. Arazá fruit AC was correlated with total flavonoids content (TFC) (r >.8360) and total polyphenols content (TPC) (r >.7252). Naranjilla fruit (r >.8188) and tree tomato 2.5% O2: 2.5% CO2 (r >.7365), TPC and TFC showed significant correlations with the DPPH. When using the canonical correlation analysis, it was observed that TPC is responsible for AC of the three fruits, showing strong correlations (.9716) with DPPH. Practical applications: The present study has as practical applications to provide knowledge on the cold storage of araza Eugenia stipitata McVaugh), naranjilla (Solanum quitoense Lam.), and tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav.) fruits. It also describes the effect of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the antioxidant capacity of the three fruits studied. This study provides knowledge about biological properties of these fruits during cold storage with modified atmosphere.

Angós Iturgaiz, Ignacio

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