Open Access
Experimental demonstration of lossy mode resonance generation for transverse-magnetic and transverse-electric polarizations
(Optica Publishing Group, 2013) Ruiz Zamarreño, Carlos; Zubiate Orzanco, Pablo; Sagüés García, Mikel; Matías Maestro, Ignacio; Arregui San Martín, Francisco Javier; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa
This Letter, presents the fabrication of lossy mode resonance (LMR) devices based on titanium dioxide (TiO2)/ poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) coatings deposited on side-polished D-shaped optical fibers. TiO2 thin films have been obtained by means of the layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly technique. LbL enables us to produce smooth and homogeneous coatings on the polished side of the fiber. This permits us to couple light from the waveguide to the TiO2-coating/external medium region at specific wavelength ranges. The generation of LMRs depends on the coating thickness, so that thicker coatings can produce more resonances. LMRs are sensitive to the external medium refractive index, which allows its utilization as refractometers. The characteristic D-shaped architecture of the devices employed in this Letter enables us to distinguish TE and TM polarizations, which had not been possible before with regular optical fibers due to their cylindrical symmetry. The results presented here show for the first time the experimental demonstration of the generation of LMRs produced by both TM and TE polarizations. More specifically, for these TiO2/PSS thin films, the TM and TM modes of the LMRs show a wavelength shift of 226 nm for the first-order LMR and 56 nm for the second-order LMR.
Open Access
Dynamic BOTDA measurements using Brillouin phase-shift
(SPIE, 2012) Urricelqui Polvorinos, Javier; Zornoza Indart, Ander; Sagüés García, Mikel; Loayssa Lara, Alayn; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
We demonstrate a novel dynamic BOTDA sensor based, for the first time to our knowledge, on the use of the Brillouin phase-shift instead of the conventional Brillouin gain. This provides the advantage of measurements that are largely immune to variations in fiber attenuation or changes in pump pulse power. Furthermore, the optical detection deployed can lead to an enhanced precision or measurement time and to the broadening of the measurement range. Proof of concept experiments demonstrate 1.66 kHz measurement rate with 1 m resolution over a 160 m sensing fiber length.
Open Access
Brillouin optical time-domain analysis sensor assisted by Brillouin distributed amplification of pump pulses
(Optical Society of America, 2015) Urricelqui Polvorinos, Javier; Sagüés García, Mikel; Loayssa Lara, Alayn; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
We demonstrate the extension of the measurement range of Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) sensors using a distributed Brillouin amplifier (DBA). The technique is based on injecting a DBA pump wave in the fiber to generate an additional Brillouin interaction that amplifies the BOTDA pump pulses and compensates optical fiber attenuation. This amplification does not introduce any significant noise to the BOTDA’s probe wave due to the inherent directionality of the Brillouin gain. Additionally, we deploy a differential pulse-width pair measurement method to avoid measurement errors due to the interplay between the self-phase modulation effect and the changes in the temporal shape of the pulses induced by the transient behavior of Brillouin gain. Experimental proof-of-concept results in a 50-km fiber link demonstrate full compensa- tion of the fiber’s attenuation with no penalty on the signal-to-noise ratio of the detected signal.
Open Access
Phase-shift based BOTDA measurements tolerant to non-local effects
(SPIE, 2013) Urricelqui Polvorinos, Javier; Sagüés García, Mikel; Loayssa Lara, Alayn; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
We demonstrate a BOTDA sensor based on the use of the Brillouin phase shift that performs measurements tolerant to non local effects. This technique raises opportunities to increase the distance covered by these sensors and the maximum optical power of the probe wave injected to the fiber. As a result, the system has the potential to increase the SNR achieved at the last meters of the fiber. Proof-of-concept experiments demonstrate unaltered measurements of the phase shift spectrum in a 20Km long fiber for large frequency-dependent distortions of the pump pulse.
Open Access
Cost-effective Brillouin optical time-domain analysis sensor using a single optical source and passive optical filtering
(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2016) Iribas Pardo, Haritz; Urricelqui Polvorinos, Javier; Mariñelarena Ollacarizqueta, Jon; Sagüés García, Mikel; Loayssa Lara, Alayn; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
We present a simplified configuration for distributed Brillouin optical time-domain analysis sensors that aims to reduce the cost of the sensor by reducing the number of components required for the generation of the two optical waves involved in the sensing process. Te technique is based on obtaining the pump and probe waves by passive optical filtering of the spectral components generated in a single optical source that is driven by a pulsed RF signal. Te optical source is a compact laser with integrated electroabsorption modulator and the optical filters are based on fiber Bragg gratings. Proof-of-concept experiments demonstrate 1m spatial resolution over a 20km sensing fiber with a 0.9MHz precision in the measurement of the Brillouin frequency shiſt, a performance similar to that of much more complex setups. Furthermore, we discuss the factors limiting the sensor performance, which are basically related to residual spectral components in the filtering process.
Open Access
Brillouin distributed sensing assisted by Brillouin amplification of pump pulses
(IEEE, 2014) Urricelqui Polvorinos, Javier; Sagüés García, Mikel; Loayssa Lara, Alayn; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
We demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, the extension of the measurement range of Brillouin distributed sensors (BDS) by using a distributed Brillouin amplifier (DBA) to compensate the attenuation of the sensor's pump pulses. The technique is based on injecting an extra DBA pump wave in the fiber to generate an additional Brillouin interaction to that used for sensing. Moreover, the bandwidth of the DBA is tailored to fit that of the pump pulses by deploying a wavelength modulation of the DBA pump that is synchronized to the pump. Experimental proof of concept results demonstrate a fivefold enhancement of the measurement range of a BDS, from 10.36 km to more than 50 km in this particular case. Moreover, it is found that the use of the DBA does not introduce any significant penalty in the detection signal to noise ratio, highlighting the potential of the technique to provide much larger sensing lengths.
Open Access
Enhanced tolerance to pulse extinction ratio in Brillouin optical time domain analysis sensors by dithering of the optical source
(SPIE, 2015) Iribas Pardo, Haritz; Urricelqui Polvorinos, Javier; Sagüés García, Mikel; Loayssa Lara, Alayn; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
We demonstrate the relaxation of the stringent requirements placed on the pulse extinction ratio in long-range Brillouin optical time-domain analysis sensors (BOTDA) by modulating the wavelength of the laser source that is used to generate both pump and probe waves. This modulation makes the counter-propagating pulse pedestal and probe waves to become correlated only at certain locations in the fiber, thus reducing the gain experienced by the probe wave, which is precisely the process that limits the performance in long-range BOTDAs. Proof-of-concept experimental results in a 20-km sensing link demonstrate a 6-dB reduction of the required modulator extinction ratio.
Open Access
Monitorización de deformaciones y temperaturas en la estructura de un túnel artificial de alta velocidad mediante sensores ópticos puntuales, de longitud y distribuidos
(CSIC, 2015) Torres, B.; Payá Zaforteza, I.; Barrera, D.; Alvarado, Y. A.; Calderón, P. A.; Loayssa Lara, Alayn; Sagüés García, Mikel; Zornoza Indart, Ander; Sales, S.; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa
La monitorización de estructuras es una rama de la ingeniería estructural que está captando mucha atención actualmente. Las deformaciones y temperaturas son, habitualmente, los parámetros monitorizados porque son los que mejor representan el comportamiento estructural. De todos los tipos de sensores existentes, los basados en fibra óptica resultan especialmente interesantes debido a sus ventajas comparativas sobre los sensores convencionales. En este artículo se presentan los trabajos de monitorización de la estructura de un túnel artificial de Alta Velocidad construido en Mogente (España) mediante tres tipos de sensores ópticos desarrollados por los autores. Los resultados de los sensores se comparan con los proporcionados por un modelo teórico de elementos finitos. Esta comparación confirma que los sensores reproducen notablemente bien la pauta general de comportamiento de la estructura, incluso con pequeños niveles de deformación (5µε). Por último, el artículo discute el comportamiento de los sensores, sus mediciones y sus campos de aplicación.
Open Access
Egituren egoeraren monitorizaziorako zuntz optikoan oinarritutako sentsore sinplifikatua
(Udako Euskal Unibertsitatea, 2015) Iribas Pardo, Haritz; Sagüés García, Mikel; Mariñelarena Ollacarizqueta, Jon; Loayssa Lara, Alayn; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Brillouin hedatuko denbora eremu optikoaren analisian (BOTDA) oinarritutako sentsoreak, estruktura handien (100 km luzerako estrukturak) deformazioa eta tenperatura neurtzeko gaitasuna dute. Lan honetan, BOTDA konfigurazio sinplifikatua aurkezten dugu. Erabilitako konfigurazioaren helburua sentsorearen prezioa murriztea da, detekzio prozesuan parte hartzen duten seinale optikoen sortze prozesua sinplifikatuz. Proposatutako teknika hau, iturri optiko bati irrati-maiztasun (IM) pultsu modulatu bat aplikatuz sortutako osagai espektralen iragazketa optiko pasiboan oinarritzen da. Laborategiko esperimentuek frogatzen dute tenperatura hedatuko neurriak 1,1 metroko erresoluzioarekin 5 km zuntz optikoan zehar
Open Access
Synthesis of Brillouin frequency shift profiles to compensate non-local effects and Brillouin induced noise in BOTDA sensors
(Optical Society of America, 2014) Urricelqui Polvorinos, Javier; Sagüés García, Mikel; Loayssa Lara, Alayn; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
We present a novel technique for Brillouin optical time domain analysis (BOTDA) sensors that simultaneously compensates non local effects and reduces Brillouin noise. The technique relies on the wavelength modulation of the optical source to modify the Brillouin interaction between probe and pump waves during their propagation. The resulting Brillouin distribution mimics the wavelength modulation, creating a virtual Brillouin frequency shift profile along the sensing fiber. The fundamentals of the technique are first described theoretically and using numerical simulations. Then, proof of concept experiments demonstrate the capabilities of the system to reduce large variations of the pump power resulting from the interaction with high probe powers and to decrease the Brillouin induced noise enhancing the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the system. Furthermore, we show, for the first time to our knowledge, measurements of the Brillouin distribution using an injected optical power higher than the Brillouin threshold of the fiber.