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UrsĂșa Rubio, Alfredo

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https://academica-e.unavarra.es/handle/2454/50128

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UrsĂșa Rubio

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Alfredo

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Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación

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ISC. Institute of Smart Cities

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0000-0001-6240-8659

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Author: Braco Sola, Elisa ×

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Now showing 1 - 9 of 9
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    PublicationOpen Access
    State of health estimation of second-life lithium-ion batteries under real profile operation
    (Elsevier, 2022) Braco Sola, Elisa; San MartĂ­n Biurrun, Idoia; Sanchis GĂșrpide, Pablo; UrsĂșa Rubio, Alfredo; Stroe, Daniel-Ioan; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; IngenierĂ­a ElĂ©ctrica, ElectrĂłnica y de ComunicaciĂłn; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua; Universidad PĂșblica de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
    The economic viability of second-life (SL) Li-ion batteries from electric vehicles (EVs) is still uncertain nowadays. Assessing the internal state of reused cells is key not only at the repurposing stage but also during their SL operation. As an alternative of the traditional capacity tests used to this end, the estimation of State of Health (SOH) allows to reduce the testing time and the need of equipment, thereby reinforcing the economic success of SL batteries. However, the estimation of SOH in real SL operation has been rarely analysed in literature. This contribution aims thus to cover this gap, by focusing on the experimental assessment of SOH estimation in reused modules from Nissan Leaf EVs under two SL scenarios: a residential household with self-consumption and a fast charge station for EVs. By means of partial charge and experimental data from cycling and calendar ageing tests, accuracy and robustness of health indicators is firstly assessed. Then, SOH estimation is carried out using real profiles, covering a SOH range from 91.3 to 31%. Offline assessment led to RMSE values of 0.6% in the residential profile and 0.8% in the fast charge station, with a reduction in testing times of 85% compared to a full capacity test. In order to avoid the interruption of battery operation, online assessment in profiles was also analysed, obtaining RMSE values below 1.3% and 3.6% in the residential and charging station scenarios, respectively. Therefore, the feasibility of SOH estimation in SL profiles is highlighted, as it allows to get accurate results reducing testing times or even without interrupting normal operation.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Fast capacity and internal resistance estimation method for second-life batteries from electric vehicles
    (Elsevier, 2023) Braco Sola, Elisa; San MartĂ­n Biurrun, Idoia; Sanchis GĂșrpide, Pablo; UrsĂșa Rubio, Alfredo; IngenierĂ­a ElĂ©ctrica, ElectrĂłnica y de ComunicaciĂłn; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Universidad PĂșblica de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
    The success of second-life (SL) Li-ion batteries from electric vehicles is still conditioned by their technical and economic viability. The knowledge of the internal parameters of retired batteries at the repurposing stage is key to ensure their adequate operation and to enlarge SL lifetime. However, traditional characterization methods require long testing times and specific equipment, which result in high costs that may jeopardize the economic viability of SL. In the seek of optimizing the repurposing stage, this contribution proposes a novel fast characterization method that allows to estimate capacity and internal resistance at various state of charge for reused cells, modules and battery packs. Three estimation models are proposed. The first of them is based on measurements of AC resistance, the second on DC resistance and the third combines both resistance types. These models are validated in 506 cells, 203 modules and 3 battery packs from different Nissan Leaf vehicles. The results achieved are satisfactory, with mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) below 2.5% at cell and module level in capacity prediction and lower than 2.4% in resistance estimation. Considering battery pack level, MAPE is below 4.2% and 1.8% in capacity and resistance estimation respectively. With the proposed method, testing times are reduced from more than one day to 2 min per cell, while energy consumption is lowered from 1.4 kWh to 1 Wh. In short, this study contributes to the reduction of repurposing procedures and costs, and ultimately to the success of SL batteries business model.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Incremental capacity analysis of lithium-ion second-life batteries from electric vehicles under cycling ageing
    (IEEE, 2021) Braco Sola, Elisa; San MartĂ­n Biurrun, Idoia; Sanchis GĂșrpide, Pablo; UrsĂșa Rubio, Alfredo; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; IngenierĂ­a ElĂ©ctrica, ElectrĂłnica y de ComunicaciĂłn; Universidad PĂșblica de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
    Nowadays, the reuse of batteries from electric vehicles is considered a promising solution to benefit from their remaining energy and extend their lifespan. Yet, the economic viability of these second-life batteries is still uncertain, and the optimization of testing at their reconfiguration stage and during their lifetime is the key to ensure their success. This paper aims to assess Incremental Capacity Analysis technique in Nissan Leaf modules during their second-life use, in order to evaluate both its potential as an State of Health estimator and as a tool to identify underlying degradation mechanisms. Despite the different internal state and ageing rates observed between the tested modules, ICA is found to be consistent at similar SOH levels. The influence of ageing, current and temperature on ICA is evaluated through an accelerated cycling test. Results show that ICA is a promising alternative to estimate SOH during second life even at currents up to C/2 and testing temperatures of 45 °C. However, testing by accelerated currents and temperatures is not recommended for the identification of degradation mechanisms.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Experimental assessment of first- and second-life electric vehicle batteries: performance, capacity dispersion, and aging
    (IEEE, 2021) Braco Sola, Elisa; San MartĂ­n Biurrun, Idoia; Berrueta Irigoyen, Alberto; Sanchis GĂșrpide, Pablo; UrsĂșa Rubio, Alfredo; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; IngenierĂ­a ElĂ©ctrica, ElectrĂłnica y de ComunicaciĂłn; Universidad PĂșblica de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
    Nowadays, the reuse of electric vehicle batteries is considered to be a feasible alternative to recycling, as it allows them to benefit from their remaining energy capacity and to enlarge their lifetime. Stationary applications, such as self-consumption or off-grid systems support, are examples of second-life (SL) uses for retired batteries. However, reused modules that compose these batteries have heterogeneous properties, which limit their performance. This article aims to assess the influence of degradation in modules from electric vehicles, covering three main aspects: performance, capacity dispersion, and extended SL behavior. First, a complete characterization of new and reused modules is carried out, considering three temperatures and three discharge rates. In the second stage, intra- and intermodule capacity dispersions are evaluated with new and reused samples. Finally, the behavior during SL is also analyzed, through an accelerated cycling test so that the evolution of capacity and dispersion are assessed. Experimental results show that the performance of reused modules is especially undermined at low temperatures and high current rates, as well as in advanced stages of aging. The intramodule dispersion is found to be similar in reused and new samples, while the intermodule differences are nearly four times greater in SL.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Health indicator selection for state of health estimation of second-life lithium-ion batteries under extended ageing
    (Elsevier, 2022) Braco Sola, Elisa; San MartĂ­n Biurrun, Idoia; Sanchis GĂșrpide, Pablo; UrsĂșa Rubio, Alfredo; Stroe, Daniel-Ioan; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; IngenierĂ­a ElĂ©ctrica, ElectrĂłnica y de ComunicaciĂłn; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua; Universidad PĂșblica de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
    Nowadays, the economic viability of second-life (SL) Li-ion batteries from electric vehicles is still uncertain. Degradation assessment optimization is key to reduce costs in SL market not only at the repurposing stage, but also during SL lifetime. As an indicator of the ageing condition of the batteries, state of health (SOH) is currently a major research topic, and its estimation has emerged as an alternative to traditional characterization tests. In an initial stage, all SOH estimation methods require the extraction of health indicators (HIs), which influence algorithm complexity and on-board implementation. Nevertheless, a literature gap has been identified in the assessment of HIs for reused Li-ion batteries. This contribution targets this issue by analysing 58 HIs obtained from incremental capacity analysis, partial charging, constant current and constant voltage stage, and internal resistance. Six Nissan Leaf SL modules were aged under extended cycling testing, covering a SOH range from 71.2 % to 24.4 %. Results show that the best HI at the repurposing stage was obtained through incremental capacity analysis, with 0.2 % of RMSE. During all SL use, partial charge is found to be the best method, with less than 2.0 % of RMSE. SOH is also estimated using the best HI and different algorithms. Linear regression is found to overcome more complex options with similar estimation accuracy and significantly lower computation times. Hence, the importance of analysing and selecting a good SL HI is highlighted, given that this made it possible to obtain accurate SOH estimation results with a simple algorithm.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Characterization and capacity dispersion of lithium-ion second-life batteries from electric vehicles
    (IEEE, 2019) Braco Sola, Elisa; San MartĂ­n Biurrun, Idoia; Sanchis GĂșrpide, Pablo; UrsĂșa Rubio, Alfredo; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; IngenierĂ­a ElĂ©ctrica, ElectrĂłnica y de ComunicaciĂłn; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
    Nowadays, electric vehicle batteries reutilization is considered such as a feasible alternative to recycling, as it allows to benefit from their remaining energy and to enlarge their lifetime. Stationary applications as self-consumption or isolated systems support are examples of possible second life uses for these batteries. However, the modules that compose these batteries have very heterogeneous properties, and therefore condition their performance. This paper aims to characterize and analyze the existing capacity dispersion of Nissan Leaf modules that have reached the end of their lifetime on their original application and of new modules of this Electric Vehicle, in order to establish a comparison between them.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Analysis and modelling of calendar ageing in second-life lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles
    (IEEE, 2022) Braco Sola, Elisa; San MartĂ­n Biurrun, Idoia; Sanchis GĂșrpide, Pablo; UrsĂșa Rubio, Alfredo; IngenierĂ­a ElĂ©ctrica, ElectrĂłnica y de ComunicaciĂłn; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Gobierno de NAVARRA / Nafarroako Gobernua
    The reuse of Li-ion batteries from electric vehicles is a promising alternative to recycling nowadays. However, the technical and economic viability of these second-life (SL) batteries is not yet clear. Degradation assessment plays a key role not only to analyse the impact of ageing factors in reused batteries, but also to quantify their durability. In this context, this contribution aims to analyse calendar ageing behaviour in SL cells. 16 reused Nissan Leaf modules are aged during 750 days under three temperatures and four State of Charge (SOC), covering a State of Health range from 72.2 % to 13 %. The impact of temperature and SOC as stress factors is firstly analysed, concluding that their increase accelerates ageing. Temperature rise is found to have a major impact, accelerating up to 27 times capacity fade and almost 6 times resistance increase when compared to light ageing conditions, while increasing SOC nearly doubles ageing rates. The worst ageing case is found to be the combination of 60 ◩C and 66 % of SOC. Regarding degradation trends, they are proven to be constant during all SL lifetime. This work also proposes and validates a calendar ageing model for SL cells. Accuracy of validation results show a fitting Rsq of 0.9941 in capacity fade and 0.9557 in resistance increase, thereby tracking the heterogeneous degradation of the SL cells under calendar ageing.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Integration of second-life batteries in residential microgrids and fast charging stations
    (IEEE, 2022) San MartĂ­n Biurrun, Idoia; Braco Sola, Elisa; MartĂ­n Castilla, Álvaro; Sanchis GĂșrpide, Pablo; UrsĂșa Rubio, Alfredo; IngenierĂ­a ElĂ©ctrica, ElectrĂłnica y de ComunicaciĂłn; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
    The potential of batteries from electric vehicles to be given a second life in stationary applications could be starting to become a reality in few years. However, the technical and economic feasibility of such second-life batteries (SLBs) is still uncertain. In this context, this paper analyses the real operation of a SLB in three scenarios: two of residential microgrids with photovoltaic generation under different strategies, and a fast charging station for electric mobility. To this end, three energy management strategies are developed, the first of which seeks to maximise the self-consumption of a typical household with photovoltaic generation; the second, in addition to maximising self-consumption, presents a night-time charge and peak shaving of the contract power from the grid; and the last refers to an urban bus charging station in which the aim is to reduce the contract power from the grid. Experimental validation of SLB during more than three weeks of operation in each of the scenarios have proved the technical viability of these batteries in the applications analysed.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Experimental assessment of cycling ageing of lithium-ion second-life batteries from electric vehicles
    (Elsevier, 2020) Braco Sola, Elisa; San MartĂ­n Biurrun, Idoia; Berrueta Irigoyen, Alberto; Sanchis GĂșrpide, Pablo; UrsĂșa Rubio, Alfredo; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; IngenierĂ­a ElĂ©ctrica, ElectrĂłnica y de ComunicaciĂłn; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua, 0011–1411–2018–000029 GERA; Universidad PĂșblica de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa, ReBMS PJUPNA1904
    The reutilization of batteries from electric vehicles allows to benefit from their remaining energy capacity and to increase their lifespan. The applications considered for the second life of these batteries are less demanding than electric vehicles regarding power and energy density. However, there is still some uncertainty regarding the technical and economic viability of these systems. In this context, the study of the ageing and lifetime of reused batteries is key to contribute to their development. This paper assesses the experimental cycle ageing of lithium-ion modules from different Nissan Leaf through accelerated cycling tests on their second life. The evolution of the internal parameters during ageing and the correlation between them are shown, including the analysis of best fitting curves. In addition, a second-life end-of-life criterion is proposed, based on capacity and internal resistance measurements during cells ageing, which can be applied to real application in order to prevent safety issues. By estimating future values from degradation trends and checking latter measurements, the ageing knee is identified. Results show that the modules operate for at least 2033 equivalent full cycles before reaching their ageing knee. This would mean more than 5 years of operation in a real second-life application, such as a photovoltaic self-consumption installation with daily cycling. Moreover, it is shown that a traditional cell characterisation based on capacity and internal resistance measurements is not enough to predict the durability of a cell during its second life.