Open Access
Electrospun nanofiber mats for evanescent optical fiber sensors
(Elsevier, 2013) Urrutia Azcona, Aitor; Goicoechea Fernández, Javier; Rivero Fuente, Pedro J.; Matías Maestro, Ignacio; Arregui San Martín, Francisco Javier; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoa eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
In this work, a study about the optical response of electrospun nanofiber (ENF) coatings for their use in evanescent optical fiber sensors is presented. Several types of ENF mats composed of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) were developed with different ENF diameters and densities. These ENF mats were deposited onto an optical fiber core in order to fabricate humidity evanescent optical fiber sensors. The devices were exposed to relative humidity (RH) variations from 30% RH to 95%RH. The transfer functions of the devices (transmitted optical power versus relative humidity) presented two well-differenced behaviors depending on the ENF diameter and the ENF mat density. The devices with lower ENF diameters and higher mat density showed an increase in the transmitted optical power when RH increased. On the contrary, the devices with higher ENF diameters and lower mat density showed a decrease in the transmitted optical power when RH increased. In addition to this, sensors with thinner ENF overlays, showed a higher sensitivity. In order to study the response time of these devices, the ENFs sensors were submitted to human breathing cycles and presented a response time around 340 ms (exhalation). In spite of the high RH conditions of this experiment, the devices showed a recovery time around 210 ms and a negligible hysteresis or drift with respect to the initial condition (inhalation).
Open Access
Optical sensors based on lossy-mode resonances
(Elsevier Science, 2017) Matías Maestro, Ignacio; Ascorbe Muruzabal, Joaquín; Acha Morrás, Nerea de; López Torres, Diego; Zubiate Orzanco, Pablo; Sánchez Zábal, Pedro; Urrutia Azcona, Aitor; Socorro Leránoz, Abián Bentor; Rivero Fuente, Pedro J.; Hernáez Sáenz de Zaitigui, Miguel; Elosúa Aguado, César; Goicoechea Fernández, Javier; Bariáin Aisa, Cándido; Corres Sanz, Jesús María; Ruiz Zamarreño, Carlos; Arregui San Martín, Francisco Javier; Del Villar, Ignacio; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC
Open Access
Micro and nanostructured materials for the development of optical fibre sensors
(MDPI, 2017) Elosúa Aguado, César; Arregui San Martín, Francisco Javier; Del Villar, Ignacio; Ruiz Zamarreño, Carlos; Corres Sanz, Jesús María; Bariáin Aisa, Cándido; Goicoechea Fernández, Javier; Hernáez Sáenz de Zaitigui, Miguel; Rivero Fuente, Pedro J.; Socorro Leránoz, Abián Bentor; Urrutia Azcona, Aitor; Sánchez Zábal, Pedro; Zubiate Orzanco, Pablo; López Torres, Diego; Acha Morrás, Nerea de; Ascorbe Muruzabal, Joaquín; Ozcariz Celaya, Aritz; Matías Maestro, Ignacio; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica
The measurement of chemical and biomedical parameters can take advantage of the features exclusively offered by optical fibre: passive nature, electromagnetic immunity and chemical stability are some of the most relevant ones. The small dimensions of the fibre generally require that the sensing material be loaded into a supporting matrix whose morphology is adjusted at a nanometric scale. Thanks to the advances in nanotechnology new deposition methods have been developed: they allow reagents from different chemical nature to be embedded into films with a thickness always below a few microns that also show a relevant aspect ratio to ensure a high transduction interface. This review reveals some of the main techniques that are currently been employed to develop this kind of sensors, describing in detail both the resulting supporting matrices as well as the sensing materials used. The main objective is to offer a general view of the state of the art to expose the main challenges and chances that this technology is facing currently.
Open Access
Multicolor layer-by-layer films using weak polyelectrolyte assisted synthesis of silver nanoparticles
(Springer, 2013) Rivero Fuente, Pedro J.; Goicoechea Fernández, Javier; Urrutia Azcona, Aitor; Matías Maestro, Ignacio; Arregui San Martín, Francisco Javier; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa
In the present study, we show that silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with different shape, aggregation state and color (violet, green, orange) have been successfully incorporated into polyelectrolyte multilayer thin films using the layerby- layer (LbL) assembly. In order to obtain colored thin films based on AgNPs is necessary to maintain the aggregation state of the nanoparticles, a non-trivial aspect in which this work is focused on. The use of Poly(acrylic acid, sodium salt) (PAA) as a protective agent of the AgNPs is the key element to preserve the aggregation state and makes possible the presence of similar aggregates (shape and size) within the LbLcolored films. This approach based on electrostatic interactions of the polymeric chains and the immobilization of AgNPs with different shape and size into the thin films opens up a new interesting perspective to fabricate multicolornanocomposites based on AgNPs.
Open Access
Silver nanoparticles loaded electrospun nanofibers for humidity optical fiber sensing
(2012) Urrutia Azcona, Aitor; Rivero Fuente, Pedro J.; Goicoechea Fernández, Javier; Rodríguez, Yoany; Arregui San Martín, Francisco Javier; Matías Maestro, Ignacio; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica
In this work, a new optical device based on silver loaded electrospun nanofibers (ENFs) for measuring Relative Humidity is proposed. Fiber mats composed of poly(acrylic acid) and β-cyclodextrin were deposited onto an optical fiber core by electrospinning. Afterwards the ENFs were submitted to a thermal curing. Then, the ENFs were loaded with Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) synthesized using a Ag+ loading step and a further reduction step with dimethylamine borane (DMAB). Several load/reduction cycles were performed. Ag NPs enhance significantly the optical response of the polymer-only fiber mats. The Ag NPs loaded ENF sensor was tested using controlled variations of Relative Humidity (RH). The results showed a very fast response of the absorbance spectra enabling high performance applications such as human breathing monitoring.
Open Access
Nanocoated optical fibre for lossy mode resonance (LMR) sensors and filters
(IEEE, 2015) Del Villar, Ignacio; Arregui San Martín, Francisco Javier; Corres Sanz, Jesús María; Bariáin Aisa, Cándido; Goicoechea Fernández, Javier; Ruiz Zamarreño, Carlos; Elosúa Aguado, César; Hernáez Sáenz de Zaitigui, Miguel; Rivero Fuente, Pedro J.; Socorro Leránoz, Abián Bentor; Urrutia Azcona, Aitor; Sánchez Zábal, Pedro; Zubiate Orzanco, Pablo; López Torres, Diego; Acha Morrás, Nerea de; Ascorbe Muruzabal, Joaquín; Matías Maestro, Ignacio; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa
Nanometer scale coatings with a complex refractive index deposited on optical fibre permit to obtain attenuation bands in the transmission spectrum, whose central wavelength coincides with the moment when a mode guided in the optical fibre cladding starts to be guided in the coating. Due to the complex refractive index of the coating, the guided mode is a lossy mode. Consequently, these attenuation bands receive the name of lossy mode resonances. This phenomenon can be used for development of ultra-high sensitivity photonic devices (for detection, among others, of volatile organic compounds, pH and refractive index) or for optical filtering. In this work, rules for adequate design are indicated based on numerical results obtained with FIMMWAVE and on experimental results that corroborate the theoretical predictions.
Open Access
Optical sensor based on polymer electrospun nanofibers for sensing humidity
(2011) Urrutia Azcona, Aitor; Rivero Fuente, Pedro J.; Goicoechea Fernández, Javier; Arregui San Martín, Francisco Javier; Matías Maestro, Ignacio; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica
A novel humidity sensor based on polymer electrospun nanofibers coating onto an optical fiber is proposed in this work. The coating is composed of poly(acrylic acid), and its fabrication was performed by the electrospinning technique using an optical fiber core as substrate. This technique allows the fabrication of sensitive films with high surface area in a fast and simple way compared to other overlay fabrication techniques. The sensor was tested in a programmable temperature and humidity climatic chamber. Relative Humidity (RH) was varied in the range from 20%RH to 80%RH at room temperature. The results showed a monotonic variation of the absorbance spectra to RH changes, thus obtaining a successful humidity sensor.
Open Access
An antibacterial surface coating composed of PAH/SiO2 nanostructurated films by Layer by Layer
(2009) Urrutia Azcona, Aitor; Rivero Fuente, Pedro J.; Ruete Ibarrola, Leyre; Goicoechea Fernández, Javier; Matías Maestro, Ignacio; Arregui San Martín, Francisco Javier; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
In this article we propose a novel antibacterial coating composed of SiO2 and the polymer Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) on glass slides by the technique Layer-by- Layer (LbL)1. This technique has already used in previous works, and it has the advantage that it allows to control the construction of nanosized and well organized multilayer films. In this work, the new nanotexturized LbL SiO2 surface acts as antibacterial agent. The fabricated coatings have been tested in bacterial cultures of genus Lactobacillus to observe their antibacterial properties.
Open Access
Nanomaterials for functional textiles and fibers
(Springer US, 2015) Rivero Fuente, Pedro J.; Urrutia Azcona, Aitor; Goicoechea Fernández, Javier; Arregui San Martín, Francisco Javier; Ingeniería Mecánica, Energética y de Materiales; Mekanika, Energetika eta Materialen Ingeniaritza; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Nanoparticles are very interesting because of their surface properties, different from bulk materials. Such properties make possible to endow ordinary products with new functionalities. Their relatively low cost with respect to other nano-additives make them a promising choice for industrial mass-production systems. Nanoparticles of different kind of materials such as silver, titania, and zinc oxide have been used in the functionalization of fibers and fabrics achieving significantly improved products with new macroscopic properties. This article reviews the most relevant approaches for incorporating such nanoparticles into synthetic fibers used traditionally in the textile industry allowing to give a solution to traditional problems for textiles such as the microorganism growth onto fibers, flammability, robustness against ultraviolet radiation, and many others. In addition, the incorporation of such nanoparticles into special ultrathin fibers is also analyzed. In this field, electrospinning is a very promising technique that allows the fabrication of ultrathin fiber mats with an extraordinary control of their structure and properties, being an ideal alternative for applications such as wound healing or even functional membranes.
Open Access
Humidity sensor based on a long-period fiber grating coated with a hydrophobic thin film
(2010) Urrutia Azcona, Aitor; Rivero Fuente, Pedro J.; Goicoechea Fernández, Javier; Arregui San Martín, Francisco Javier; Matías Maestro, Ignacio; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica
In this work it is proposed a novel fiber optic humidity sensor based on a functionally coated long-period fiber grating (LPG). The coating is composed of tetraorthosilicate matrix functionalized with perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane and its fabrication was performed by the sol-gel technique using a dip coating process using the LPG as substrate. This technique allows to fabricate sensitive films in a fast and simple way compared to other overlay fabrication techniques. The fabricated sensor was tested in a programmable temperature and climatic chamber. Relative humidity (RH) was varied in range from 20%RH to 80%RH at room temperature. The results showed a smooth exponential-like wavelength shift of the LPG attenuation band.

Rivero Fuente, Pedro J.

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