Person: Elizondo Martínez, David
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Elizondo Martínez
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David
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Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación
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ISC. Institute of Smart Cities
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0000-0002-6993-0631
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811410
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Publication Open Access Asymmetrical firing angle modulation for 12-pulse thyristor rectifiers supplying high-power electrolyzers(IEEE, 2023) Iribarren Zabalegui, Álvaro; Barrios Rípodas, Ernesto; Elizondo Martínez, David; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio IngeniaritzarenThis paper presents an asymmetrical firing angle modulation strategy for 12-pulse thyristor rectifiers aimed at supplying high-power electrolyzers, which allows to reduce the size of the passive filter and the static compensator (STATCOM) required to comply with grid harmonic regulations and achieve unity power factor. Usually, 12-pulse thyristor rectifiers follow a symmetric modulation strategy in which the same firing angle is applied to both 6-pulse bridges. In this case, large passive ac-side inductances are required to reduce grid current harmonics, which increase the reactive power consumption and thus the required STATCOM size. However, this paper demonstrates that by applying different firing angles to the two 6-pulse bridges it is possible to comply with the harmonic regulation limits using smaller filtering inductances and therefore reducing the STATCOM size. The methodology to find the optimal firing angle values that should be applied in order to minimize the filtering inductance and the STATCOM size for a given electrolyzer is explained. This strategy is validated by simulation, and results show that the required filtering inductance and the apparent power of the STATCOM can be effectively reduced by 62% and 31%, respectively, using this asymmetrical firing angle modulation.Publication Open Access Dynamic modeling of a pressurized alkaline water electrolyzer: a multiphysics approach(IEEE, 2023) Iribarren Zabalegui, Álvaro; Elizondo Martínez, David; Barrios Rípodas, Ernesto; Ibaiondo, Harkaitz; Sánchez Ruiz, Alain; Arza, Joseba; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio IngeniaritzarenIn this paper a dynamic model for the simulation of pressurized alkaline water electrolyzers is presented. The model has been developed following a multiphysics approach, integrating electrochemical, thermodynamic, heat transfer and gas evolution processes in order to faithfully reproduce the complete dynamical behavior of these systems. The model has been implemented on MATLAB/Simulink and validated through experimental data from a 1 Nm3/h commercial alkaline water electrolyzer. Validations have been performed under real scenarios where the electrolyzer is working with power profiles characteristic from renewable sources, wind and photovoltaic. The simulated results have been found to be consistent with the real measured values. This model has a great potential to predict the behavior of alkaline water electrolyzers coupled with renewable energy sources, making it a very useful tool for designing efficient green hydrogen production systems.Publication Open Access Winding resistance measurement in power inductors - understanding the impact of the winding mutual resistance(IEEE, 2021) Barrios Rípodas, Ernesto; Elizondo Martínez, David; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio IngeniaritzarenInductors are cornerstone components in power electronics converters. Since winding loss is the dominant loss mechanism in these components, its accurate measurement is fundamental for the validation of the inductor's operation and design. The techniques for the winding resistance R_{w} measurement in power inductors can be classified into two groups, indirect and direct. Both techniques use coupled inductors to separate winding and core power losses. If coupled inductors with non-zero winding mutual resistances R_{w,m} are used, invalid results are obtained with these techniques. Understanding the meaning of R_{w,m} in coupled inductors is complex. In this paper, the impact of R_{w,m} on the inductor R_{w} measurement techniques is demonstrated and practical guidelines for the design of the zero R_{w,m} coupled inductors are given. Particularly, the location of the auxiliary winding for the direct technique is investigated. In order to compare the R_{w} measurement techniques and to validate the coupled inductor's R_{w,m} impact, two different inductors are built and tested. The results are compared with the values for R_{w} calculated by FEA simulation. It is found that only the direct technique with an auxiliary winding carefully designed and located following the guidelines given in this paper makes the accurate measurement of R_{w} in power inductors possible.Publication Open Access Zero-loss switching in LLC resonant converters under discontinuous conduction mode: analysis and design methodology(IEEE, 2023) Elizondo Martínez, David; Barrios Rípodas, Ernesto; Larequi, Íñigo; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Publikoa UnibertsitateMany thriving applications where isolation is required, such as LED drivers, traction and EV fast charging, implement LLC resonant converters, particularly when voltage regulation is not required or an additional conversion stage is in charge of it. The LLC converter can be operated under discontinuous conduction mode (DCM), due to its advantages such as unregulated and sensorless operation, fixed switching frequency and voltage gain, and zero-current switching (ZCS). However, ZCS results in EMI and switching losses in the primary converter, particularly for≥1200-V devices. Alternatively, zero-loss switching (ZLS) can be accomplished by means of a proper design of the LLC converter, overcoming the drawbacks of ZCS. The focus of this paper is to perform an exhaustive research on the LLC converter under DCM-ZLS: discontinuous conduction mode with lossless switching in the primary and secondary sides. As a result of this analysis, a set of design boundaries are deduced for parameters such as the magnetizing inductance, the leakage inductance, and the gate resistance. A comprehensive, step-by-step design methodology is proposed and applied to a 18-kW, 200-kHz test bench. The designed parameters are implemented in the converter and several experiments are conducted, including a test at rated input voltage and rated power (600 V, 18 kW). The conduction states studied theoretically in the analysis of the LLC converter are identified in the experimental results, and the operation of the test bench under DCM-ZLS is verified.Publication Open Access Analytical modeling of high-frequency winding loss in round-wire toroidal inductors(IEEE, 2023) Elizondo Martínez, David; Barrios Rípodas, Ernesto; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate PublikoaToroidal inductors are used in many industrial applications in which they are key components regarding cost and volume. In the inductor design process, it is paramount to accurately estimate its high-frequency winding loss. Finite-element analysis (FEA) software and analytical models can be used for this purpose. However, the former employs too much time and the latter lacks accuracy when applied to toroidal windings, leading to an overestimation that can exceed 200%. As a consequence, designers would benefit from a reliable method to calculate high-frequency loss in toroidal windings. This article proposes an analytical model that considers the 2-D characteristic of the magnetic field and the geometrical particularities of toroidal windings. Furthermore, it provides an easy-to-use method, which avoids the unaffordable computational cost of FEA software. Simulations and experimental measurements are carried out for seven toroidal power inductors, from 10 Hz up to 200 kHz. Three different well-known state-of-the-art analytical models are used for comparison purposes. The results obtained with the proposed model are in good agreement with those from FEA and the experiments. The proposed model shows a maximum deviation below 20% while the overestimation of the existing analytical methods reaches values from 93% to 226%.Publication Open Access Novel two-stage three-level converter with inherently-balanced dc voltage for EV fast-charging applications(IEEE, 2023) Elizondo Martínez, David; Barrios Rípodas, Ernesto; Galdeano Bujanda, Mikel; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoa eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate PublikoaThe design of EV fast chargers faces a new challenge due to the boost in the battery voltage of electric cars and heavyduty electric vehicles. Two-stage converters, that consist of an isolated dc-dc stage and an extra regulated dc-dc converter, are attracting an increasing attention thanks to their outstanding performance. The potential benefits of multilevel converters, such as lower power losses and more compact filters, can be incorporated to two-stage architectures at the expense of simplicity due to the need of a voltage balancing method. In this article, a novel dc-dc two-stage three-level (2S3L) architecture is presented, which guarantees that the multilevel input dc voltages are balanced without any specific balancing technique or extra components. Moreover, it accomplishes lossless switching in the isolated dc-dc stage, enabling a high efficiency. A 15 kW test bench is built in order to experimentally verify the inherentlybalanced voltages. The experimental tests demonstrate that the dc-link voltages are inherently-balanced (no control needed) in both transient and steady states, and that it is robust against tolerances and faulty operation. The test bench is able to provide a wide output voltage, from 200 to 900 V, and reaches a high peak efficiency of 98.2% at rated power.Publication Open Access Analytical modeling of high-frequency winding loss in round-wire toroidal inductors(IEEE, 2020) Elizondo Martínez, David; Barrios Rípodas, Ernesto; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio IngeniaritzarenToroidal inductors are present in many different industrial applications, thus, still receive researchers' attention. AC winding loss in these inductors have become a major issue in the design process, since switching frequency is being continuously increased in power electronic converters. Finite element analysis software or analytical models such as Dowell's are the main existing alternatives for their calculation. However, the first one employs too much time if different designs are to be evaluated and the second one lacks accuracy when applied to toroidal inductor windings. Looking for an alternative that overcomes these drawbacks, this paper proposes an accurate, easy-to-use analytical model, specifically formulated for calculating high-frequency winding loss in round-wire toroidal inductors.