Open Access
Movilidad y desigualdad regional en la Unión Europea
(2002) Ezcurra Orayen, Roberto; Pascual Arzoz, Pedro; Rapún Gárate, Manuel; Economía; Ekonomia
El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la movilidad de la distribución de la renta por habitante a escala regional en la Unión Europea durante el período 1977-1996, con el fin de aportar elementos complementarios sobre la naturaleza de la desigualdad interregional. Para ello se calculan una serie de indicadores utilizados habitualmente en el estudio dinámico de la distribución interpersonal de la renta. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que el nivel de movilidad intradistribucional es relativamente bajo. Asimismo, la evidencia empírica aportada muestra la existencia de una tendencia hacia la reducción de la movilidad regional a lo largo del período analizado que ha coincidido en el tiempo con el mantenimiento de la desigualdad interregional en la Unión Europea.
Open Access
Kin networks and quality of government: a regional analysis
(Springer, 2024-11-13) Ezcurra Orayen, Roberto; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
This paper examines the relationship between kin-based institutions and quality of government in the regions of Spain, France, and Italy. The results show that the rate of cousin marriage during the twentieth century is a strong predictor of the modern-day quality of government in the regions of these three countries. Regions characterized by a higher prevalence of cousin marriage tend to have on average worse governance outcomes. This finding holds after accounting for country fixed effects and different variables that may be correlated with both consanguinity and regional quality of government, including an extensive array of geographical, historical, and contemporary factors. The observed association between cousin marriage and quality of government persists when I utilize an instrumental variable approach that exploits regional variation in the degree of historical exposure to the marriage laws of the medieval Catholic Church to address potential endogeneity concerns. Furthermore, the paper also provides evidence consistent with the idea that the effect of cousin marriage on the quality of government operates through its impact on a series of cultural traits such as impersonal trust, fairness, and conformity-obedience.
Open Access
Geografía y dinámica de la desigualdad regional en la Unión Europea
(2002) Ezcurra Orayen, Roberto; Gil Canaleta, Carlos; Pascual Arzoz, Pedro; Rapún Gárate, Manuel; Economía; Ekonomia
¿Son permanentes o temporales los desequilibrios de renta entre regiones? El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la evolución de la desigualdad regional en renta por habitante en la Unión Europea en el período 1977-1999. A diferencia de la literatura tradicional sobre convergencia, el método de trabajo empleado se basa en el cálculo de un conjunto de medidas utilizadas en el estudio dinámico de la distribución personal de la renta. Ahora bien, como la unidad de referencia es la región y no el individuo, procederemos a introducir en el análisis la dimensión poblacional. De esta manera, los indicadores calculados serán estadísticos ponderados de acuerdo con la población relativa. Asimismo, las diferentes medidas se obtienen para diversos niveles de desagregación temporal y geográfica, con el fin de detectar posibles patrones de comportamiento diferenciados en el tiempo y en el espacio.
Open Access
Group concentration and violence: does ethnic segregation affect domestic terrorism?
(Taylor & Francis, 2019) Ezcurra Orayen, Roberto; Economía; Ekonomia
This paper examines the link between ethnic segregation and domestic terrorism. The results show that ethnic segregation has a positive and significant effect on the incidence of domestic terrorism, which indicates that countries where ethnic groups are spatially concentrated face a higher risk of suffering this type of violence. This finding is not affected by the inclusion in the analysis of different covariates that may affect both ethnic segregation and domestic terrorism. The observed relationship between the degree of spatial concentration of ethnic groups and domestic terrorism is confirmed by various robustness tests. The results also suggest that the threat of secession is an important transmission channel linking ethnic segregation and domestic terrorism.
Open Access
Regional disparities and within-country inequality in the European Union
(Universidad de Huelva, 2019) Ezcurra Orayen, Roberto; Economía; Ekonomia
Este trabajo examina las disparidades espaciales en términos de desarrollo en el interior de los Estados miembros de la UE. Para ello se utilizan datos correspondientes a 272 regiones pertenecientes a 28 países a lo largo del periodo 1996-2010. El análisis llevado a cabo confirma que la desigualdad en el interior de los diferentes países es un componente importante de la desigualdad espacial observada en el conjunto de la UE. De hecho, la desigualdad regional ha aumentado en la mayoría de los países de la UE durante el período objeto de estudio. Los resultados también ponen de manifiesto la relevancia de los procesos de desarrollo nacional a la hora de explicar la evolución de la desigualdad regional, si bien la relación no es lineal. Los avances del PIB per cápita nacional inicialmente contribuyen a aumentar las disparidades regionales. No obstante, una vez alcanzado un determinado nivel de desarrollo la relación se hace negativa, de forma que los países más desarrollados tienden a experimentar menores niveles de desigualdad regional. Asimismo, la apertura de las fronteras nacionales a los mercados internacionales está asociada con mayores disparidades espaciales. Al mismo tiempo, los países con una mejor calidad institucional se caracterizan por registrar menor desigualdad regional. Estos resultados no dependen de la medida concreta utilizada para capturar la magnitud de las disparidades espaciales en el interior de los diferentes países.
Open Access
Inequality, polarisation and regional mobility in the European Union
(2004) Ezcurra Orayen, Roberto; Gil Canaleta, Carlos; Pascual Arzoz, Pedro; Rapún Gárate, Manuel; Economía; Ekonomia
This paper examines the distribution dynamics of regional per capita income in the European Union between 1977 and 1999. To achieve this aim, we combine a non-parametric approach with the information provided by various measures used in the literature on personal income distribution. The results obtained suggest that regional inequality and polarisation have decreased in the European context over the period considered. Likewise, the observed level of intradistributional mobility is relatively low. Furthermore, our findings reveal the important role played by the national component and the spatial dimension in the distribution dynamics.
Open Access
Territorial mobility: a measuring proposal
(2005) Ezcurra Orayen, Roberto; Pascual Arzoz, Pedro; Rapún Gárate, Manuel; Economía; Ekonomia
As a contribution to the study of intradistributional mobility, this paper introduces a family of functions whose usefulness as mobility measures is justified by different theoretical results. Indeed, as a particular case, this family includes the Bartholomew index, which is widely used in the literature devoted to the dynamic analysis of personal income distribution. The paper also contains, by way of example, an application to the study of mobility in regional per capita income distribution in the European Union between 1977 and 1999.
Open Access
Does globalization promote civil war? An empirical research
(2015) Ezcurra Orayen, Roberto; Manotas Hidalgo, Beatriz; Economía; Ekonomia
This paper investigates the empirical relationship between globalization and in-trastate conflict in a sample of 160 countries over the period 1970-2009. To that end, we use a measure of globalization that distinguishes the social and political dimensions of integration from the economic dimension, thus allowing us to adopt a broader perspective than in most of existing studies and examine the effect of these three distinct aspects of globalization on civil violence. The results of the paper show that the degree of integration with the rest of the world contributes significantly to increasing the incidence of civil wars, in direct contrast to arguments which defend that globalization has the beneficial effect of deterring internal armed conficts. In particular, the dimension of globalization that most robustly relates with internal confict is economic integration. Our findings are not affected by the inclusion of additional explanatory variables in the analysis, or by changes in the definition of civil war. Likewise, the relationship observed between the degree of integration and civil violence does not seem to be driven by countries located in the most confictive regions in the world.
Open Access
Kin-based institutions and state capacity
(Elsevier, 2025-06-01) Ezcurra Orayen, Roberto; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
This paper examines the relationship between kin-based institutions and state capacity. The results show that the intensity of kinship networks is a strong predictor of present-day state capacity, both across and within countries. Societies historically characterized by more intensive kinship systems tend to have weaker states today. This finding holds after accounting for various variables that may be correlated with both kinship network intensity and state capacity, including a broad range of geographic, historical, and contemporary factors. The results are also robust when employing an instrumental variable approach that exploits plausibly exogenous variation in historical exposure to the marriage laws of the medieval Catholic Church. Additionally, the analysis reveals that societies with intensive kin-based institutions typically exhibit lower political centralization. Given the essential role of political centralization in establishing state capacity, this finding helps explain the negative association between kinship intensity and state capacity.
Open Access
Disparidades espaciales en productividad y estructura sectorial de las regiones europeas
(2002) Ezcurra Orayen, Roberto; Pascual Arzoz, Pedro; Rapún Gárate, Manuel; Economía; Ekonomia
El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar cuál ha sido la contribución regional y sectorial a la convergencia en productividad en la Unión Europea entre 1977 y 1999. Para ello se combina la metodología propuesta por Esteban (2000) con diversos resultados procedentes de la literatura tradicional sobre desigualdad. La evidencia empírica aportada sugiere que la desigualdad regional en productividad en la Unión Europea está estrechamente relacionada con la existencia de diferencias estructurales entre regiones. Asimismo, los resultados obtenidos permiten respaldar la relevancia teórica de los modelos de crecimiento unisectoriales a la hora de explicar las disparidades regionales en renta por habitante en el ámbito europeo.