Open Access
Impact of micro-cycles on the lifetime of lithium-ion batteries: an experimental study
(Elsevier, 2022) Soto Cabria, Adrián; Berrueta Irigoyen, Alberto; Mateos Inza, Miren; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
Experimental aging studies are commonly conducted on lithium-ion batteries by full charge and discharge cycles. However, such profiles may differ from the actual operation of batteries in electric vehicles and stationary applications, where they are subjected to different partial charges and discharges. These partial cycles, which take place during a main charge or discharge process, are called micro-cycles if their depth of discharge is <2 %. A number of authors have pointed out the relevance of the time resolution to estimate the energy throughput of a battery due to these micro-cycles in applications such as renewable microgrids. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no experimental studies in the literature that assess the impact of these micro-cycles on battery degradation. In this article, the impact of micro-cycles on the loss of performance of a lithium-ion battery is experimentally studied. The results show that micro-cycles have a negligible, or even positive effect on the aging of lithium-ion cells compared to the aging caused by full cycles. In fact, if charge throughput or equivalent full cycles are used to measure the use of a battery, then cells subjected to micro-cycles exhibit a 50 % extended lifetime compared to cells only subjected to full cycles. More precisely, cells including micro-cycles with depth of discharge of 0.5 % lasted for nearly 3000 equivalent full cycles, whereas cells aged under standard deep cycles lasted for no >1500. Nevertheless, if the number of deep cycles, disregarding micro-cycles, is the unit to measure battery use, then the degradation of cells with and without micro-cycles is similar. Based on this result, the number of cycles can be identified as a more accurate variable to measure the use of a cell, in comparison to charge throughput.
Open Access
On the technical reliability of lithium-ion batteries in a zero emission polar expedition
(IEEE, 2020) Soto Cabria, Adrián; Berrueta Irigoyen, Alberto; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Oficialdegui, Ignacio; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa, PJUPNA1904
This contribution presents a technical analysis of the Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) used in the WindSled project. In this project, an expedition has been carried out by means of a 0-emission vehicle that have covered more than 2500 kilometers in Antarctica Eastern Plateau pulled by kites. This adventure allowed the performance of 10 scientific experiments with a minimal disturbance of the polar environment. The required electricity for the survival and the scientific experimentation was delivered by flexible PV panels installed on the sled and commercial LIBs. The study performed in this contribution aims at the quantification of the LIBs degradation after the expedition. The results show a capacity fade of 5 % and an internal resistance increase of 30 %. Based on these results, it can be claimed that the LIBs used in the WindSled Project can successfully operate under -40°C. Moreover, these batteries can be used in upcoming expeditions, entailing an improvement from an economical and environmental point of view compared to primary batteries.
Open Access
Non-invasive aging analysis of lithium-ion batteries in extreme cold temperatures
(IEEE, 2021) Soto Cabria, Adrián; Berrueta Irigoyen, Alberto; Oficialdegui, Ignacio; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
This paper presents a non-invasive technical analysis of the degra-dation of four lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) used in extreme frigid weather. In contrast to other studies in which the batteries were tested in laboratory conditions, the LIBs studied in this paper were aged in a real application, more specifically in the WindSled project. In this project, an expedition was made using a zero-emission vehicle drawn by kites, covering more than 2500 kilometers on the East Antarctic Plateau. The study performed in this paper aims to quantify the degradation of the LIBs during the expedition. The results show a 5 % capacity fade, a 30 % increase in the internal resistance and no substantial increase in the impedance of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI). Moreover, no evidence of dendrite growth at the anode is inferred by the interpretation of the distri-bution of relaxation times (DRT), incremental capacity analysis (ICA) and differential voltage analysis (DV). Based on these re-sults, it can be claimed that the LIBs used in the WindSled Project can successfully operate under 50 C. Furthermore, since non-invasive techniques were used to characterize the batteries, they can still be used in upcoming expeditions, with subsequent financial and environmental benefits.
Open Access
Integration of second-life battery packs for self-consumption applications: analysis of a real experience
(IEEE, 2021) Soto Cabria, Adrián; Berrueta Irigoyen, Alberto; Zorrilla, Pablo; Iribarren Zabalegui, Álvaro; Castillo, Diego H.; Rodríguez Rodríguez, Wenceslao Eduardo; Rodríguez, Adolfo J.; Vargas Requena, Dávid Tomás; Matías Maestro, Ignacio; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua, 0011–1411–2018–000029 GERA; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa, ReBMS PJUPNA1904
This contribution presents a methodology for the integration of Li-ion batteries discarded from electric vehicle into a collective self-consumption installation, showing the technical feasibility of such battery second use. In this regard, the state of charge (SOC) estimation is a relevant issue for the energy management of the second-life battery. Therefore, a SOC estimator is proposed in this contribution and tested in field. Moreover, the revealed costs analysis allows an economic comparison between the integration of a discarded battery pack in a second-life application or a remanufacture of these packs, thereby selecting the most suitable cells to build second-life batteries. This is a crucial issue for companies focused on the development of second-life batteries. The results obtained after testing the second-life battery pack in a real installation make it possible to extol the benefits of including this type of batteries in a self-consumption system, reaching a self-consumption ratio of 69 % and reducing by 36 % the maximum power peak demanded from the grid.

Berrueta Irigoyen, Alberto

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