Open Access
Development of a duplex qPCR assay with locked nucleic acid probes for A, B and E kappa-casein variants detection
(Springer Nature, 2022) Jiménez Montenegro, Lucía; Mendizábal Aizpuru, José Antonio; Alfonso Ruiz, Leopoldo; Azparren Domínguez, Leire; Urrutia Vera, Olaia; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD
Milk proteins determine important milk technological characteristics. Among caseins, Ƙ-casein has been correlated with fat and protein content and cheese yield. Fourteen Ƙ-caseins variants have been described but the alleles A, B and E are the most important ones due to their frequency and/or influence on the technological aptitudes of milk. Therefore, in the present study two different duplex qPCR assays with locked nucleic acid probes (for positions 13104 and 13124 of the Ƙ-casein gene) were developed for the detection of A, B and E variants. Firstly, DNA isolation method from milk somatic cells and hair was optimised. The developed 13124-qPCR assay showed an increased sensitivity reaching up to 6.7 copies DNA copies/reaction at a 95% confidence level with A, B and E alleles reference samples. The 13104-qPCR assay reached up to 6.7 DNA copies/reaction for A allele reference sample and 67 DNA copies/reaction for B and E samples. Intra-assay variation results were below 6%. Applicability was determined using DNA samples from animals with known genotype for Ƙ-casein (AA, AB, BB, BE, AE, EE) and both assays were able to discriminate among the six genotypes with 100% accuracy. Thus, this qPCR method represents a sensitive and rapid option for the detection of Ƙ-casein alleles in both hair and milk samples.
Open Access
Worldwide research trends on milk containing only A2 β-casein: a bibliometric study
(MDPI, 2022) Jiménez Montenegro, Lucía; Alfonso Ruiz, Leopoldo; Mendizábal Aizpuru, José Antonio; Urrutia Vera, Olaia; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD
The protein fraction of β-casein may play a key role in the manifestation of a new intolerance: milk protein intolerance. The most common forms of β-casein among dairy cattle breeds are A1 and A2 β-casein. During gastrointestinal digestion of A1 β-casein, an opioid called peptide β-casomorphin-7 (BCM-7) is more frequently released, which can lead to adverse health outcomes. For that reason, novel products labelled as "A2 milk"or "A1-free dairy products" have appeared on the market. In this context, a bibliometric analysis on A2 β-casein research was carried out through the Web of Science (WoS) database. The main objective of this work was to provide an overview of the state of the art in the field of β-casein A2 by analyzing the number of publications per year, trends in thematic content, the most frequently used terms, and the most important institutions and countries in the field. This bibliometric study showed that a greater effort is needed to determine the possible implications of this novel product for human health and the market.
Open Access
Preservation of milk in liquid nitrogen during sample collection does not affect the RNA quality for RNA-seq analysis
(BMC, 2025-05-24) Jiménez Montenegro, Lucía; Alfonso Ruiz, Leopoldo; Soret Lafraya, Beatriz; Mendizábal Aizpuru, José Antonio; Urrutia Vera, Olaia; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
Background. Standard procedures for milk sample collection for transcriptome analysis use ice as preservation method, which can afect the RNA stability and requires immediate sample processing. These problems would be eased if the milk samples could be snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen. This study describes the applicability of a new method for milk sample collection and subsequent RNA extraction from milk fat globules, determining whether the quality, integrity and quantity of the RNA extracts met the minimum requirements for downstream RNA-seq. Results. The quality of the extracts measured by A260/280 ratio and the Integrity and Quality (IQ) values obtained fulflled the reference values of 1.9 - 2.1 (P10.05) and failed to meet the RIN≥7 benchmark for RNA-seq (P>0.05). Milk fat globules contain low molecular-weight RNA fragments and minimal 18S and 28S rRNA, suggesting low RIN values were inherent to sample type. Likewise, the RNA concentration from milk fat globules were generally low (120.43±22.27 ng/µL, 102.87±15.64 ng/µL and 109.43±22.69 ng/µL, measured by Nanodrop, Qubit HS and QuanTI Ribogreen, respectively). Nevertheless, RNA-seq yielded 52.7 million paired-end reads per sample. The raw reads passed all quality control parameters having the same sequence-read lengths (151 bp), 100% base-coverage, 49% GC base content, and base quality scores of 36, enabling successful transcriptome profling. Moreover, milk proteins were identifed as the most abundant transcripts in MFG in the analysis of the most expressed genes, indicating that the sequenced reads would accurately refect the transcriptome of this milk fraction. Conclusions. Milk preservation in liquid nitrogen is a suitable sample collection method that overcomes the limitations of immediate sample processing required if ice is used. Thus, this procedure, together with the subsequent RNA isolation from milk fat globules and its sequencing by RNA-seq, would provide a practical and a non-invasive method for measuring the mammary epithelial cell transcriptome, improving the feasibility of conducting studies related to mammary gland and lactation physiology.
Open Access
DNA extraction procedures and validation parameters of a real-time PCR method to control milk containing only A2 β-casein
(Elsevier, 2022) Jiménez Montenegro, Lucía; Mendizábal Aizpuru, José Antonio; Alfonso Ruiz, Leopoldo; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Bovine milk mainly contains two types of β-casein: A1 and A2 variants. In recent years, a new variety of cows’ milk has emerged in the dairy sector called “A2 milk”. This novel product is characterised by the absence of A1 β-casein, which has been associated with possible gastrointestinal discomfort due to β-casomorphin-7 (BCM-7) release during gastrointestinal digestion. In this context, methods to verify the A1 allele absence in A2 milk are required as a quality control in the A2 milk commercialisation. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop a locked nucleic acid (LNA) probe-based duplex real-time PCR (qPCR) assay for A1 allele detection in A2 milk samples. Firstly, four DNA isolation methods from milk somatic cells were optimised and evaluated. The results suggests that the commercial kit NucleoSpin Tissue was the most suitable method in terms of DNA quality and amplificability for downstream applications. Then, optimisation and validation of the qPCR assay were carried out. For both A1 and A2 alleles, the absolute limits of detection of this qPCR assay were 7.3 DNA copies/reaction (2 x 10−5 ng DNA) and 30.4 DNA copies/reaction (0.1 ng DNA) at a 95% confidence level with synthetic reference DNA samples and heterozygous genotyped DNA sample, respectively. The relative limits of detection were 2% (15 copies) and 5% (152 copies) for the A1 allele in A2 samples at 95% confidence with synthetic reference and genotyped DNA samples, respectively. The qPCR assay was robust, with intra- and inter-assay variability below 4.3%, and specific, differentiating between A1 and A2 alleles with 100% genotyping accuracy. In conclusion, this cost-effective and fast method could be used to discriminate A1 allele in A2 samples and, consequently, to verify the A1 allele absence in “A2 milk” by screening commercial products on the market.

Alfonso Ruiz, Leopoldo

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