Open Access
Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation on physical performance of young players during an intensified soccer-training period: a short report
(University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw, 2017) Abad Colil, Felipe; Ramírez Campillo, Rodrigo; Álvarez, Cristian; Castro, Mauricio; Silva, Sandro Fernandes da; Izquierdo Redín, Mikel; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak
Purpose. The objective of the study was to assess the effects of a 4-week intensified period of in-season soccer training with addition of explosive training and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on maximal-intensity and endurance performance in young male soccer players, compared with a parallel training with placebo (i.e. Magnesium stearate) supplementation. Methods. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted. Male athletes (age, 18.6 ± 1.4 years) were assigned either to a group receiving HMB supplementation (n = 9) or to a placebo group (n = 7). Results. The athletes were evaluated for maximal-intensity jumping and endurance performance before and after the intervention. Before the intervention, the two groups were characterized by similar age, body mass, height, and soccer experience. In addition, no differences between groups were observed for physical performance measures other than a greater countermovement jump performance in the HMB group compared with the placebo group. After the intervention, neither group showed any significant change in any of the physical performance measures. Conclusions. Compared with a 4-week intensified period of in-season soccer training with addition of explosive training and placebo supplementation, HMB supplementation did not add further adaptive changes related to maximal-intensity and endurance performance in young male soccer players.
Open Access
Do frailty and cognitive impairment affect dual-task cost during walking in the oldest old institutionalized patients?
(Springer, 2015-12-14) Lusa Cadore, Eduardo; Casas Herrero, Álvaro; Zambom Ferraresi, Fabrício; Martínez Ramírez, Alicia; Millor Muruzábal, Nora; Gómez Fernández, Marisol; Bays Moneo, Ana Beatriz; Izquierdo Redín, Mikel; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak; Matemáticas; Matematika
Open Access
Liver fat content and body fat distribution in youths with excess adiposity
(MDPI, 2018) Ramírez Vélez, Robinson; Izquierdo Redín, Mikel; Correa Bautista, Jorge Enrique; Correa Rodríguez, María; Schmidt Río-Valle, Jacqueline; González Jiménez, Emilio; González Ruiz, Katherine; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak
This study had two main objectives: To examine the association between body fat distribution and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and liver fat content, and to determine whether the relationship between NAFLD and regional body fat distribution, with respect to liver fat content in youths with excess adiposity, is independent of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and a healthy diet. Liver fat content (controlled attenuation parameter (CAP)), body fat distribution (body mass index (BMI) z-score, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, fat mass/height, body fat percentage, total fat mass, android-to-gynoid fat mass ratio, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and lean mass index, determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)), CRF (20-m shuttle-run test), and healthy diet (adherence to the Mediterranean diet by KIDMED questionnaire) were measured in 126 adolescents (66% girls) aged between 11 and 17 years. Participants were assigned to two groups according to the presence or absence of hepatic steatosis (CAP values >225 dB/m or <225 dB/m of liver fat, respectively). Considering the similar total fat values for the two groups (>30% by DXA), youths with NAFLD had higher fat distribution parameters than those without NAFLD, regardless of sex, age, puberty stage, lean mass index, CRF, and healthy diet (p < 0.01). In the non-NAFLD group, the association between hepatic fat and fat distribution parameters presented a similar pattern, although the association was statistically insignificant after adjusting for a potential confounding variable (ps > 0.05), except for the case of VAT. Body fat distribution parameters were higher in youths with NAFLD compared to those without NAFLD. Additionally, body fat distribution showed a significant association with liver fat content as assessed by CAP in youths with NAFLD independent of CRF and adherence to the Mediterranean diet, supporting the notion that upper body fat distribution might play a pivotal role in the development of NAFLD in adolescents. These results may have implications for the clinical management of youths with excess adiposity given the high prevalence of NAFLD in children and young adults.
Open Access
Obesity-and lipid-related parameters in the identification of older adults with a high risk of prediabetes according to the American diabetes association: an analysis of the 2015 health, well-being, and aging study
(MDPI, 2019) Ramírez Vélez, Robinson; Pérez Sousa, Miguel A.; González Ruiz, Katherine; Cano Gutiérrez, Carlos Alberto; Schmidt Río-Valle, Jacqueline; Correa Rodríguez, María; Izquierdo Redín, Mikel; Romero García, Jesús Astolfo; Campos Rodríguez, Adriana Yolanda; Triana Reina, Héctor Reynaldo; González Jiménez, Emilio; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak
This study evaluated the predictive ability of 11 obesity-and lipid-related parameters, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), body roundness index (BRI), 'A' body-shape index (ABSI), conicity index (CI), visceral adiposity index (VAI), triglyceride-to-glucose fasting index (TyG), triglyceride-to-glucose fasting related to BMI (TyG-BMI), triglyceride-to-glucose fasting related to WC (TyG-WC), and triglyceride-to-glucose fasting related to WtHR (TyG-WtHR), to identify patients from an elderly Colombian population with a high risk of prediabetes according to the 2016 American Diabetes Association criteria. The data were obtained from the 2015 Colombian Health and Wellbeing and Aging Survey. A total of 3307 elderly Colombian individuals (aged over 60 years) were included. Anthropometric data, fasting plasma glucose, blood lipid profiles, family history, and health-related behaviors were assessed, and prediabetes was defined as a fasting plasma glucose of 100 to 125 mg/dL. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (AUCs) were calculated for each anthropometric indicator, using the prediabetes classification to identify their sensitivity and specificity, and these indicated that the prevalence of prediabetes was 25.3% in this population. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the TyG index was strongly associated with the odds of having prediabetes in both sexes, and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the ORs for prediabetes increased across quartiles (p < 0.001). The TyG index was best able to identify prediabetes in either sex (AUC and optimal cut-off = 0.700 and 8.72, and 0.695 and 8.92 for men and women, respectively), suggesting that compared to the other parameters, the TyG index has the best discriminative power to predict prediabetes in the whole population. Thus, we propose the TyG index be used as a complementary marker for assessing prediabetes in older adults.
Open Access
Effectiveness of a multimodal intervention in functionally impaired older people with type 2 diabetes mellitus
(Wiley, 2019) Rodríguez Mañas, Leocadio; Laosa, Olga; Vellas, Bruno; Paolisso, Giuseppe; Topinkova, Eva; Oliva Moreno, Juan; Bourdel Marchasson, Isabelle; Izquierdo Redín, Mikel; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak
Background: Type 2 diabetes, a highly prevalent chronic disease, is associated with increasing frailty and functional decline in older people. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a multimodal intervention on functional performance in frail and pre-frail participants aged ≥70 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: The MID-Frail study was a cluster-randomized multicenter clinical trial conducted in 74 trial sites across seven European countries. The trial recruited 964 participants who were aged >70 years [mean age in intervention group, 78.4 (SD 5.6) years, 49.2% male and 77.6 (SD 5.29) years, 52.4% male in usual care group], with type diabetes mellitus and determined to be frail or pre-frail using Fried's frailty phenotype. Participants were allocated by trial site to follow either usual care (UCG) or intervention procedures (IG). Intervention group participants received a multimodal intervention composed of (i) an individualized and progressive resistance exercise programme for 16 weeks; (ii) a structured diabetes and nutritional educational programme over seven sessions; and (iii) Investigator-linked training to ensure optimal diabetes care. Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) scores were used to assess change in functional performance at 12 months between the groups. An analysis of the cost-effectiveness of the intervention was undertaken using the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Secondary outcomes included mortality, hospitalization, institutionalization, quality of life, burden on caregivers, the frequency and severity of hypoglycaemia episodes, and the cost-effectiveness of the intervention. Results: After 12 months, IG participants had mean SPPB scores 0.85 points higher than those in the UCG (95% CI, 0.44 to 1.26, P < 0.0001). Dropouts were higher in frail participants and in the intervention group, but significant differences in SPPB between treatment groups remained consistent after sensitivity analysis. Estimates suggest a mean saving following intervention of 428.02 EUR (2016) per patient per year, with ICER analysis indicating a consistent benefit of the described health care intervention over usual care. No statistically significant differences between groups were detected in any of the other secondary outcomes. Conclusions: We have demonstrated that a 12 month structured multimodal intervention programme across several clinical settings in different European countries leads to a clinically relevant and cost-effective improvement in the functional status of older frail and pre-frail participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Open Access
The insulin-like growth factor system is modulated by exercise in breast cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis
(BioMed Central, 2016) Meneses Echávez, José Francisco; González Jiménez, Emilio; Schmidt Río-Valle, Jacqueline; Correa Bautista, Jorge Enrique; Izquierdo Redín, Mikel; Ramírez Vélez, Robinson; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak
Background: Insulin-like growth factors (IGF´s) play a crucial role in controlling cancer cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Exercise has been postulated as an effective intervention in improving cancerrelated outcomes and survival, although its effects on IGF´s are not well understood. This meta-analysis aimed to determine the effects of exercise in modulating IGF´s system in breast cancer survivors. Methods: Databases of PuMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials. gov, SPORTDiscus, LILACS and Scopus were systematically searched up to November 2014. Effect estimates were calculated through a random-effects model of meta-analysis according to the DerSimonian and Laird method. Heterogeneity was evaluated with the I2 test. Risk of bias and methodological quality were evaluated using the PEDro score. Results: Five randomized controlled trials (n = 235) were included. Most women were post-menopausal. Highquality and low risk of bias were found (mean PEDro score = 6.2 ± 1). Exercise resulted in significant improvements on IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-I, IGFBP-3, Insulin and Insulin resistance (P < 0.05). Non-significant differences were found for Glucose. Aerobic exercise improved IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and Insulin. No evidence of publication bias was detected by Egger´s test (p = 0.12). Conclusions: Exercise improved IGF´s in breast cancer survivors. These findings provide novel insight regarding the molecular effects of exercise on tumoral microenvironment, apoptosis and survival in breast cancer survivors.
Open Access
Effects of plyometric training and beta-alanine supplementation on maximal-intensity exercise and endurance in female soccer players
(De Gruyter, 2017) Rosas, Fabián; Ramírez Campillo, Rodrigo; Martínez Salazar, Cristian; Caniuqueo Vargas, Alexis; Cañas Jamet, Rodrigo; McCrudden, Emma; Meylan, César; Moran, Jason; Nakamura, Fábio Y.; Pereira, Lucas A.; Loturco, Irineu; Díaz, Daniela; Izquierdo Redín, Mikel; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak
Plyometric training and beta-alanine supplementation are common among soccer players, although its combined use had never been tested. Therefore, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to compare the effects of a plyometric training program, with or without beta-alanine supplementation, on maximalintensity and endurance performance in female soccer players during an in-season training period. Athletes (23.7 ± 2.4 years) were assigned to either a plyometric training group receiving a placebo (PLACEBO, n = 8), a plyometric training group receiving beta-alanine supplementation (BA, n = 8), or a control group receiving placebo without following a plyometric training program (CONTROL, n = 9). Athletes were evaluated for single and repeated jumps and sprints, endurance, and change-of-direction speed performance before and after the intervention. Both plyometric training groups improved in explosive jumping (ES = 0.27 to 1.0), sprinting (ES = 0.31 to 0.78), repeated sprinting (ES = 0.39 to 0.91), 60 s repeated jumping (ES = 0.32 to 0.45), endurance (ES = 0.35 to 0.37), and change-of-direction speed performance (ES = 0.36 to 0.58), whereas no significant changes were observed for the CONTROL group. Nevertheless, compared to the CONTROL group, only the BA group showed greater improvements in endurance, repeated sprinting and repeated jumping performances. It was concluded that beta-alanine supplementation during plyometric training may add further adaptive changes related to endurance, repeated sprinting and jumping ability.
Open Access
Iliopsoas and gluteal muscles are asymmetric in tennis players but not in soccer players
(Public Library of Science, 2011) Sanchís Moysi, Joaquín; Idoate, Fernando; Izquierdo Redín, Mikel; López Calbet, José Antonio; Dorado García, Cecilia; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak
Purpose: To determine the volume and degree of asymmetry of iliopsoas (IL) and gluteal muscles (GL) in tennis and soccer players. Methods: IL and GL volumes were determined using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in male professional tennis (TP) and soccer players (SP), and in non-active control subjects (CG) (n = 8, 15 and 6, respectively). Results: The dominant and non-dominant IL were hypertrophied in TP (24 and 36%, respectively, P<0.05) and SP (32 and 35%, respectively, P<0.05). In TP the asymmetric hypertrophy of IL (13% greater volume in the non-dominant than in the dominant IL, P<0.01) reversed the side-to-side relationship observed in CG (4% greater volume in the dominant than in the contralateral IL, P<0.01), whilst soccer players had similar volumes in both sides (P = 0.87). The degree of side-to-side asymmetry decreased linearly from the first lumbar disc to the pubic symphysis in TP (r = -0.97, P<0.001), SP (r = -0.85, P<0.01) and CG (r = -0.76, P<0.05). The slope of the relationship was lower in SP due to a greater hypertrophy of the proximal segments of the dominant IL. Soccer and CG had similar GL volumes in both sides (P = 0.11 and P = 0.19, for the dominant and contralateral GL, respectively). GL was asymmetrically hypertrophied in TP. The non-dominant GL volume was 20% greater in TP than in CG (P<0.05), whilst TP and CG had similar dominant GL volumes (P = 0.14). Conclusions: Tennis elicits an asymmetric hypertrophy of IL and reverses the normal dominant-to-non-dominant balance observed in non-active controls, while soccer is associated to a symmetric hypertrophy of IL. Gluteal muscles are asymmetrically hypertrophied in TP, while SP display a similar size to that observed in controls. It remains to be determined whether the different patterns of IL and GL hypertrophy may influence the risk of injury.
Open Access
Effect of a multicomponent exercise programme (VIVIFRAIL) on functional capacity in frail community elders with cognitive decline: study protocol for a randomized multicentre control trial
(BioMed Central, 2019) Casas Herrero, Álvaro; Antón Rodrigo, Iván; Zambom Ferraresi, Fabrício; López Sáez de Asteasu, Mikel; Martínez Velilla, Nicolás; Elexpuru Estomba, Jaione; Marín Epelde, Itxaso; Ramón Espinoza, Fernanda; Petidier Torregrosa, Roberto; Sánchez Sánchez, Juan Luis; Ibáñez Beroiz, Berta; Izquierdo Redín, Mikel; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
Background: The benefit of physical exercise in ageing and particularly in frailty has been the aim of recent research. Moreover, physical activity in the elderly is associated with a decreased risk of mortality, of common chronic illnesses (i.e. cardiovascular disease or osteoarthritis) and of institutionalization as well as with a delay in functional decline. Additionally, very recent research has shown that, despite its limitations, physical exercise is associated with a reduced risk of dementia, Alzheimer disease or mild cognitive decline. Nevertheless, the effect of physical exercise as a systematic, structured and repetitive type of physical activity, in the reduction of risk of cognitive decline in the elderly, is not very clear. The purpose of this study aims to examine whether an innovative multicomponent exercise programme called VIVIFRAIL has benefits for functional and cognitive status among pre-frail/frail patients with mild cognitive impairment or dementia. Methods/design: This study is a multicentre randomized clinical trial to be conducted in the outpatient geriatrics clinics of three tertiary hospitals in Spain. Altogether, 240 patients aged 75 years or older being capable of and willing to provide informed consent, with a Barthel Index ≥ 60 and mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia, pre-frail or frail and having someone to help to supervise them when conducting the exercises will be randomly assigned to the intervention or control group. Participants randomly assigned to the usual care group will receive normal outpatient care, including physical rehabilitation when needed. The VIVIFRAIL multicomponent exercise intervention programme consists of resistance training, gait re-training and balance training, which appear to be the best strategy for improving gait, balance and strength, as well as reducing the rate of falls in older individuals and consequently maintaining their functional capacity during ageing. The primary endpoint is the change in functional capacity, assessed with the Short Physical Performance Battery (1 point as clinically significant). Secondary endpoints are changes in cognitive and mood status, quality of life (EQ-5D), 6-m gait velocity and changes in gait parameters (i.e. gait velocity and gait variability) while performing a dual-task test (verbal and counting), handgrip, maximal strength and power of the lower limbs as well as Barthel Index of independence (5 points as clinically significant) at baseline and at the 1-month and 3-month follow-up. Discussion: Frailty and cognitive impairment are two very common geriatric syndromes in elderly patients and are frequently related and overlapped. Functional decline and disability are major adverse outcomes of these conditions. Exercise is a potential intervention for both syndromes. If our hypothesis is correct, the relevance of this project is that the results can contribute to understanding that an individualized multicomponent exercise programme (VIVIFRAIL) for frail elderly patients with cognitive impairment is more effective in reducing functional and cognitive impairment than conventional care. Moreover, our study may be able to show that an innovative individualized multicomponent exercise prescription for these high-risk populations is plausible, having at least similar therapeutic effects to other pharmacological and medical prescriptions.
Open Access
Physical fitness and anthropometric normative values among Colombian-Indian schoolchildren
(BioMed Central, 2016) Ramos Sepúlveda, Jeison Alexander; Ramírez Vélez, Robinson; Correa Bautista, Jorge Enrique; Izquierdo Redín, Mikel; García Hermoso, Antonio; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak
Background: Substantial evidence indicates that children’s physical fitness levels are markers of their lifestyles and their cardio-metabolic health profile and are predictors of the future risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, cardiometabolic disease, skeletal health and mental health. However, fitness reference values for ethnic children and adolescents have not been published in a Latin-American population. Therefore, the aim of the study was to provide sex- and age-specific physical fitness and anthropometric reference standards among Colombian-Indian schoolchildren. Methods: A sample of 576 participants (319 boys and 257 girls) aged 10 to 17 years old was assessed using the FUPRECOL test battery. Four components of physical fitness were measured: 1) morphological component: height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold, and body fat (%); 2) musculoskeletal component: handgrip and standing long jump test; 3) motor component: speed/agility test (4 × 10 m shuttle run); and 4) cardiorespiratory component: course-navette 20 m, shuttle run test and estimation of maximal oxygen consumption by VO2max indirect. Centile smoothed curves for the 3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 97th percentiles were calculated using Cole’s LMSmethod. Results: Our results show that weight, height and BMI in each age group were higher in boys than in girls. In each groups, age showed a significant effect for BMI and WC. Boys showed better than girls in cardiorespiratory fitness, lowerand upper-limb strength and speed/agility and girls performed better in low back flexibility. Conclusion: Our results provide for the first time sex- and age-specific physical fitness and anthropometric reference values for Colombian Nasa Indian children and adolescents aged 10–17.9 years.