Person: García Prado, Ariadna
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García Prado
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Ariadna
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Economía
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0000-0003-0052-7198
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2337
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Publication Open Access Using visual stimuli to promote healthy snack choices among children(Elsevier, 2021) Benito Ostolaza, Juan Miguel; Echávarri Aguinaga, Rebeca; García Prado, Ariadna; Osés Eraso, Nuria; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; EconomíaMost interventions against obesity use information to persuade people to change their behavior, with moderate results. Because eating involves automatic routines, new approaches have emerged appealing to non-reflective cognitive processes. Through a randomized controlled trial, we evaluated the impact of visual stimuli (positive and negative) on children's snack-choices at school. Results showed that the negative stimulus had no effect, while the positive stimulus increased the probability among girls of choosing a healthy snack. We also found that children with excess weight had a larger baseline probability of choosing the healthy snack than those without. We conclude that happy emojis, used to nudge non-reflective processes, can steer children towards healthy choices.Publication Open Access Enrolling the self-employed in mandatory health insurance in Colombia: are we missing other factors?(2012) Arrieta, Alejandro; García Prado, Ariadna; Panopoulou, Giota; Economía; EkonomiaWe assess the impact that Colombia’s 1993 health sector reform had on the enrollment of self-employed workers in mandatory social health insurance scheme, with a especial focus on the independent contractors. This group grew dramatically in the form of workers cooperatives between 1993 and 2003, becoming a source of self-employed evasion and a way to disguised employment. We use two national-level Living Standards Measurement Surveys conducted in Colombia in 1997 and 2003, and follow a methodology that corrects for sample selection, decomposing health insurance coverage variation into changes attributed to the reform and to the characteristics of independent contractors. We find that: (i) Between 1997 and 2003, enrollment increased in 28 percentage points reaching an insurance rate of 62%, still below the reform goal of 80%, (ii) enrollment of independent contractors in 1997 was only 35% (compared to 50%) after adjusting by the selection bias due to disguised employment, (ii) the new legislation and stringent monitoring implemented in 2003 to cope with evasion seem to be effective since the sample selection due to disguised employment was not statistically significant in 2003. Addressing the interaction of the labor market with the health reform, as well as, accounting for the heterogeneity within the self-employed group are the main contributions of this paper to the literature on health insurance reforms in developing countries.Publication Open Access Lockdown strictness and mental health effects among older populations in Europe(Elsevier, 2022) García Prado, Ariadna; González, Paula; Rebollo Sanz, Yolanda; Economía; EkonomiaThis paper investigates whether lockdown policies aggravated mental health problems of older populations (50 and over) in Europe during the first COVID-19 wave. Using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE COVID-19 questionnaire) and from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker for 17 countries, we estimate the causal effect of lockdown policies on mental health by combining cross-country variability in the strictness of the policies with cross-individual variability in face-to-face contacts prior to the pandemic. We find that lockdown policies worsened insomnia, anxiety, and depression by 5, 7.2 and 5.1 percentage points, respectively. This effect was stronger for women and those aged between 50 and 65. Interestingly, lockdown policies notably damaged the mental health of healthy populations. We close with a discussion of lockdown policies targeted at individuals above 65 and/or with pre-existing conditions.Publication Open Access Cost sharing and hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions(2012) Arrieta, Alejandro; García Prado, Ariadna; Economía; EkonomiaIn this paper, we study the effect of ambulatory and hospital coinsurance rates on HACSC among individuals with private insurance in Chile. During the last decade, Chile´s private health sector has experienced a dramatic increase in its hospitalization rates, growing at four times the rate of ambulatory visits (see graph 1). Such evolution has raised concern among policy makers, interested in promoting more preventive services, and a major use of ambulatory care. The growth on the prevalence of chronic diseases has also set up the alarm. A burden disease study made in 2007 shows that 84% of the total diseases in the country were non-communicable diseases (Universidad Católica de Chile, 2008). The 2003 National Health Survey showed that only a small fraction of those affected by a chronic disease had their condition under control (Bitrán et al, 2010). In this context, coinsurance can be a valuable tool for dealing with cost escalating problems in the health system while, at the same time, promoting more ambulatory visits and preventive services and less HCSC.Publication Open Access Salud mental en tiempos de pandemia: ¿cómo afectó el confinamiento a los adultos mayores de 50 años?(Asociación de Economía de la Salud, 2022) García Prado, Ariadna; González, Paula; Rebollo Sanz, Yolanda; Costa Font, Joan; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; EconomíaEl objetivo concreto de nuestra investigación fue determinar qué parte del deterioro mental observado en el colectivo de personas mayores de 50 años en Europa había sido causado por las restricciones de movilidad implementadas por los gobiernos. Las conclusiones del trabajo ponen de maniesto que establecer connamientos selectivos, centrados sólo en los más mayores y/o en los grupos más vulnerables (como ha ocurrido en Turquía, Rusia o Filipinas), podría contrarrestar los efectos adversos, tanto en términos económicos como de salud mental, de confinar a toda la población. Además, se constata la necesidad de que los gobiernos tengan presente la salud mental de la población, haciendo las inversiones pertinentes. Sin duda, un confinamiento selectivo o total debería acompañarse del apoyo necesario para garantizar la salud mental de la población confinada.Publication Open Access Non-elective cesarean sections in public hospitals: hospital capacity constraints and doctor´s incentives(2012) Arrieta, Alejandro; García Prado, Ariadna; Economía; EkonomiaUsing administrative records of births from the Perinatal Surveillance System of the Social Security System (ESSALUD) in Peru, we test whether high admissions of pregnant women affected unplanned cesarean section rates in the ESSALUD public hospitals during the period 2005-2006. To this purpose, we present a basic theoretical model that considers not only physician preference for leisure but also the effect of hospital capacity constraints. Based on inferences of this model, we find that physician demand for leisure increases the probability of a c-section in the smallest hospitals, while hospital constraints set a limit on the number of cesarean sections that can be performed. We discuss the policy implications of our findings and the policies implemented in ESSALUD to monitor the quality of obstetric services and avoid unnecessary or unjustified c-sections.Publication Open Access Risk attitudes in medical decisions for others: an experimental approach(Wiley, 2017) Arrieta, Alejandro; García Prado, Ariadna; González, Paula; Pinto Prades, José Luis; Economía; EkonomiaThe aim of this paper is to investigate how risk attitudes in medical decisions for others vary across health contexts. A lab experiment was designed to elicit the risk attitudes of 257 medical and nonmedical students by assigning them the role of a physician who must decide between treatments for patients. An interval regression model was used to estimate individual coefficients of relative risk aversion, and an estimation model was used to test for the effect of type of medical decision and experimental design characteristics on elicited risk aversion. We find that (a) risk attitudes vary across different health contexts, but risk aversion prevails in all of them; (b) students enrolled in health‐related degrees show a higher degree of risk aversion; and (c) real rewards for third parties (patients) make subjects less risk‐averse. The results underline the importance of accounting for attitudes towards risk in medical decision making.Publication Open Access Trade-offs in health investments: HIV, malaria and malnutrition(2017) García Prado, Ariadna; Miñés Belío, Sandra; Economía; EkonomiaWhile life expectancy has increased worldwide during the last decades, the developing world is still losing millions of lives each year due to three pervasive illnesses: Malaria, HIV and Chronic Malnutrition. This work analyzes the observed trade-offs between health investments on these three conditions and their incidence in Ghana and Nigeria during the period 2005-2015. We use data from the OCDE credit report system database together with data on incidence from the World Health Organization, World Bank, Global Fund and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Results of the cross-data analysis show that: (i) the largest investments go to HIV in both countries, (ii) both malaria and HIV receive investments much larger than those directed to malnutrition, even when the incidence of chronic malnutrition is larger (Ghana), (iii) investments in malaria are larger in Ghana than in Nigeria despite that malaria incidence is higher in Nigeria, and (iv) the Southern states of both countries receive larger health investments in detriment of the poorest Northern areas. We identify and discuss several factors that may explain the mismatch between health funds and incidence for these conditions as well as the apparently low investments in chronic malnutrition in comparison to HIV and Malaria.