Al-Rahamneh, AnasSerrano Hernández, AdriánFaulín Fajardo, Javier2025-01-242025-01-242025-01-08Al-Rahamneh, A., Serrano-Hernandez, A., Faulin, J. (2025). The impact of integrating open data in smart last-mile logistics: the example of Pamplona open data catalog. Sustainability, 17(2), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020408.2071-105010.3390/su17020408https://academica-e.unavarra.es/handle/2454/53086Last-mile logistics is one of the most complicated operations in the whole logistic process. This concept describes the final leg of a product travel from a warehouse or hub to specific customers. One of the last-mile logistics challenges that courier delivery companies face is route planning. Ineffective route planning can cause operational delays that cascade and affect several last-mile deliveries. Thus, numerous factors need to be considered to plan and optimize effective delivery routes. These involve many extraordinary and unpredictable events, including weather, traffic conditions, and traffic regulations. A lack of accessible data hinders dynamic, efficient, and reliable route planning, leading to these factors being overlooked. In this paper, we propose the use of open data (OD) to overcome these limitations. OD are information available for anyone to access, reuse, and distribute for free with minimal attribution and sharing restrictions. Therefore, the aim of this work is to examine the impact of incorporating specific open data elements on the performance of the Clarke and Wright algorithm, particularly in calculating savings, and identifying optimal routes. The results we obtained showed the effect of considering OD with an increase rate of approximately 2% on the total distance compared to not considering them.application/pdfeng© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.Last-mile distributionLogisticsVehicle routing problemHeuristicsOpen dataSustainabilityinfo:eu-repo/semantics/article2025-01-24info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess