Valle Turrillas, JaioneSolano Goñi, CristinaGarcía Martínez, BegoñaToledo Arana, AlejandroLasa Uzcudun, Íñigo2016-11-042016-11-0420130966-842X (Print)1878-4380 (Electronic)10.1016/j.tim.2013.05.008https://academica-e.unavarra.es/handle/2454/22576Biofilm development is recognized as a major virulence factor underlying most chronic bacterial infections. When a biofilm community is established, planktonic cells growing in the surroundings of a tissue switch to a sessile lifestyle and start producing a biofilm matrix. The initial steps of in vivo biofilm development are poorly characterized and difficult to assess experimentally. A great amount of in vitro evidence has shown that accumulation of high levels of cyclic dinucleotides (c-di-NMPs) is the most prevalent hallmark governing the initiation of biofilm development by bacteria. As mentioned above, recent studies also link detection of c-di-NMPs by host cells with the activation of a type I interferon immune response against bacterial infections. We discuss here c-di-NMP signaling and the host immune response in the context of the initial steps of in vivo biofilm development.application/pdfeng© 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.BiofilmsChronic infectionsInnate immune responsec-di-GMPSTINGPAMPsType I interferoncGASinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess