IMAB - Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology

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Open Access
Agronomic evaluation of eight 41 B × 110 richter grapevine genotypes as rootstock candidates for mediterranean viticulture
(KeAi Communications, 2023) Marín Ederra, Diana; Miranda Jiménez, Carlos; Abad Zamora, Francisco Javier; Urrestarazu Vidart, Jorge; Mayor Azcona, Blanca; Villa Llop, Ana; Santesteban García, Gonzaga; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Choosing the most appropriate rootstock(s) is a key decision for the profitability of vineyards; therefore, there must be a sufficient range of rootstocks in the market adapted to different environmental conditions and production objectives. However, rootstock-breeding programs have been scarce in recent decades, and most of the rootstocks used today were bred a century ago, when the needs of the sector were very different from today. In this work, we aimed to evaluate new rootstock candidates before their introduction in the market. An agronomic evaluation was conducted on eight novel rootstock genotypes obtained from the first generation of the cross-pollination of 41 B Millardet et de Grasset (41 B) and 110 Richter (110 R) grafted with ‘Syrah’ and ‘Tempranillo’ and planted in a typical vineyard of the Ebro Valley in Spain. During the four consecutive growing seasons (2016e2019), growth, yield and berry composition parameters at harvest were collected. A linear mixedeffects model was constructed, considering year and block as random effects. Multiple factor analysis and hierarchical clustering on principal components were performed to establish clusters of genotypes with similar behaviour. The rootstock candidates showed a very wide performance range compared to their parents. The trial allowed us to identify two very promising candidates (RG8 and RG10), whose registration as commercial rootstocks is already in progress.
Open Access
Alfalfa yield estimation using the combination of Sentinel-2 and meteorological data
(Elsevier, 2025-03-19) Gámez Guzmán, Angie Lorena; Segarra, Joel; Vatter, Thomas; Santesteban García, Gonzaga; Araus, José Luis; Aranjuelo Michelena, Iker; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
Context: Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is one of the world's most important forages for livestock feeding. Timely yield estimates could provide information to guide management decisions to improve production. Since alfalfa crops typically undergo multiple harvests in a year and demonstrate rapid regrowth, satellite remote sensing techniques present a promising solution for alfalfa monitoring. Objective: To generate alfalfa yield estimation models at three phenological stages (early vegetative, late vegetative, and budding stages) using vegetation indices (VIs) derived from satellite Sentinel-2 images and their combination with meteorological data. Methods: We analyzed fields located in Navarre (northern Spain) over two consecutive seasons (2020 and 2021). To generate the yield estimation models, we applied a conventional multilinear regression and two machine learning algorithms (Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator - LASSO and Random Forest - RF). Results: Regardless of the statistical approach, the three phenological stages were not optimal when either VIs or meteorological data were used singularly as the predictor. However, the combination of VIs and meteorological data significantly improved the yield estimations, and in the case of LASSO model reached percentages of variance explained (R2) and normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) of R2= 0.61, nRMSE= 0.16 at the budding stage, but RF reached a R2= 0.44, nRMSE= 0.22 at the late vegetative stage, and R2= 0.36, nRMSE= 0.24 at the early vegetative stage. The most suitable variables identified were the minimum temperature, accumulated precipitation, the renormalized difference vegetation index (RDVI) and the normalized difference water index (NDWI). The RF model achieved more accurate yield estimations in early and late vegetative stages, but LASSO at bud stage. Conclusion: These models could be used for alfalfa yield estimations at the three phenological stages prior to harvest. The results provide an approach to remotely monitor alfalfa fields and can guide effective management strategies from the early development stages.
Open Access
Assessing the evolution of wheat grain traits during the last 166 years using archived samples
(Nature Research, 2020) Mariem, S.B.; Gámez Guzmán, Angie Lorena; Larraya Reta, Luis María; Fuertes Mendizabal, Teresa; Cañameras, Nuria; Araus, José Luis; Aranjuelo Michelena, Iker; McGrath, Steve P.; Hawkesford, Malcolm J.; González Murua, Carmen; Gaudeul, Myriam; Medina, Leopoldo; Paton, Alan; Cattivelli, Luigi; Fangmeier, Andreas; Bunce, James; Tausz-Posch, Sabine; Macdonald, Andy J.; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación
The current study focuses on yield and nutritional quality changes of wheat grain over the last 166 years. It is based on wheat grain quality analyses carried out on samples collected between 1850 and 2016. Samples were obtained from the Broadbalk Continuous Wheat Experiment (UK) and from herbaria from 16 different countries around the world. Our study showed that, together with an increase in carbohydrate content, an impoverishment of mineral composition and protein content occurred. The imbalance in carbohydrate/protein content was specially marked after the 1960’s, coinciding with strong increases in ambient [CO2] and temperature and the introduction of progressively shorter straw varieties. The implications of altered crop physiology are discussed.
Open Access
Assessment of flesh browning diversity in apple germplasm collections phenotyped by image analysis
(ISHS, 2023) Miranda Jiménez, Carlos; Irisarri, Patricia; Arellano Zapatero, Julia; Bielsa, F. J.; Valencia Leoz, Ana; Urrestarazu Vidart, Jorge; Pina, Ana; Santesteban García, Gonzaga; Castel, L.; Errea, Pilar; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB
Enzymatic flesh browning (EB) is one of the major problems affecting the quality and limiting the shelf life of minimally processed fruit. Traditionally, EB has been measured objectively using colourimeters. However, colourimeters are not suitable for phenotyping large quantities of fruit samples as they measure just one small area of a sample at a time, which hampers the acquisition of representative measurements and renders them time-consuming and costly. Previous research has shown that image analysis of digital photographs could be a viable alternative to obtain colour information of the entire surface of samples for large scale phenotyping, but to date there are no references for its practical application. The aim of this work was to assess the diversity in EB in a large set of cultivars phenotyped using digital photographs and a high-throughput analytical system based on image analysis developed by our team. A set of 143 cultivars from 104 genotypes, including modern references (16 cultivars) and traditional Spanish cultivars from UPNA (67 cultivars) and CITA (60 cultivars) germplasm collections was analysed in 2020 and 2021. The traditional cultivars were part of the core collection, which optimizes the representativeness of the genetic variation of apples preserved in Spanish collections. EB was evaluated in 10 fruits per cultivar and photographed at regular intervals from just after cutting to one hour later. A wide range of EB intensities was observed, with up to 20-fold differences between cultivars, which could be classified into five levels using two indices. The time at which EB was evaluated (30 or 60 min after slicing) had little influence on the classification. Traditional cultivars with low or very low EB were found to be comparable to those of references with less EB. The results show the potential of traditional germplasm to diversify the varietal offer and introduce new traits in apple breeding.
Open Access
Avances en el conocimiento sobre los organismos fitopatógenos y su repercusión en la Fitopatología en los últimos 35 años
(Phytoma España, 2023) Landa, Blanca B.; Cambra Álvarez, Mariano; Castillo, Pablo; Escobar Lucas, Carolina; García Arenal, Fernando; Jiménez Díaz, Rafael M.; López, María Milagros; Montesinos, Emilio; Murillo Martínez, Jesús; Pallás, Vicente; Palomares Rius, Juan Emilio; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB
Los pasados 35 años han sido testigos de importantes avances en el conocimiento sobre los organismos fitopatógenos, demasiado numerosos y diversos en naturaleza para poder resumirlos en unas páginas. Muchos de dichos avances han estado mediados por el desarrollo de nuevas metodologías, instrumentos y protocolos de estudio, en particular los concernientes a las tecnologías de análisis y secuenciación del ADN que comenzaron con su amplificación mediada por una ADN polimerasa termoestable (PCR) ¿y sus posteriores derivados: PCR cuantitativa, en tiempo real, digital, etc. Estos avances continuaron con el uso de las plataformas de secuenciación masiva para el análisis de los genomas de estos organismos, incluso a partir de la matriz vegetal que infectaban sin necesidad de su aislamiento, así como el uso de diversas tecnologías -ómicas para el análisis masivo de la expresión diferencial de genes (genómica), proteínas (proteómica) y metabolitos (metabolómica). Todo ello ha tenido profundas repercusiones, por ejemplo, sobre la taxonomía y relaciones filogenéticas de estos organismos fitopatógenos, la comprensión de la regulación genética de la patogenicidad y de los factores (efectores) de virulencia, la resistencia a la infección en la planta. Asimismo, las tecnologías de observación microscópica y el uso de genes que codifican proteínas fluorescentes de diferentes propiedades espectrales han propiciado una mejor compresión de los procesos de infección (Deal, 2011). En las siguientes secciones del artículo se presentan algunos avances ilustrativos seleccionados por expertos para cada uno de los grandes grupos de organismos fitopatógenos: hongos, oomicetos, bacterias, virus y nematodos. Cabe decir que muchos de los avances presentados para cada organismo fitopatógeno son aplicables a todos los demás. Si bien, con objeto de no incurrir en reiteraciones, y extendernos en exceso, se ha intentado, en la medida de lo posible, seleccionar avances con aspectos diferenciadores.
Open Access
Conventional and newly bred rootstock effects on the ecophysiological response of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo
(Elsevier, 2023) Buesa, Ignacio; Torres Molina, Nazareth; Tortosa, Ignacio; Marín Ederra, Diana; Villa Llop, Ana; Douthe, Cyril; Santesteban García, Gonzaga; Medrano, H.; Escalona, José M.; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB
Achieving more environmentally sustainable vineyards, particularly regarding efficient water use, is paramount in semi-arid grape-growing regions. Rootstocks may be a possible strategy to address these challenges, but require a comprehensive evaluation of their effect on the scion, including ecophysiological traits. The objectives of this study were 1) to characterize the physiological response of Tempranillo cultivar grafted onto five commercial (1103 P, 110 R, 140Ru, 420 A, and SO4), and seven recently bred (RG2, RG3, RG4, RG6, RG7, RG8 and RG9) rootstocks and 2) to elucidate the relationships between agronomic and physiological traits conferred by grapevine rootstocks. This was carried out over three seasons (2018–2020) in a typical Mediterranean vineyard by determining water relations, leaf gas exchange, carbon isotope ratios and vegetative development and yield components. The results highlighted the different behaviour of ‘Tempranillo’ vines due to the rootstock effects on vine water status, photosynthetic performance, hydraulic conductance, vegetative growth and yield parameters. Overall, rootstocks inducing vigour and yield in the scion, such as 140Ru and RG8, showed higher leaf gas exchange rates and hydraulic conductance at the whole-plant level due to less negative water potentials, suggesting a higher water uptake and transport capacity than RG2, RG7 and RG9. The RG rootstocks showed a very wide range of ecophysiological responses, but only RG8 outperformed compared to the most widely used commercial rootstocks. Moreover, this response was modulated by the season and the block soil type, suggesting the importance of rootstock selection according to the edaphoclimatic conditions. Therefore, this study highlights the high potential of rootstocks to adapt to water scarcity by improving crop water productivity in vineyards and provides physiological insights for future studies and breeding programmes.
Open Access
Cubierta vegetal bajo las cepas: una alternativa al control de las malas hierbas en los viñedos
(INTIA (Tecnologías e Infraestructuras Agroalimentarias), 2023) Abad Zamora, Francisco Javier; Cibriain Sabalza, Félix; Sagüés Sarasa, Ana; Santesteban García, Gonzaga; Lezáun San Martín, Juan Antonio; Fabo Boneta, Jesús María; Virto Quecedo, Íñigo; Imbert Rodríguez, Bosco; Marín Arroyo, Remedios; Garbisu Crespo, Carlos; Ciencias; Zientziak; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD
En este artículo se presentan los resultados obtenidos con una cubierta vegetal de trébol sembrada bajo las cepas para competir con las malas hierbas, de manera que no sea necesario recurrir al empleo de herbicidas o laboreos intercepas.
Open Access
Developing active and intelligent films through the incorporation of grape skin and seed tannin extracts into gelatin
(Elsevier, 2022) Etxabide Etxeberria, Alaitz; Yang, Yi; Maté Caballero, Juan Ignacio; Caba, Koro de la; Kilmartin, Paul A.; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación
To achieve sustainability in the wine industry, by-products from winery operations are being diverted from waste streams and turned into beneficial use. Grape seed tannin (SeedT) and skin tannin (SkinT) extracts were used to modify the properties of gelatin films, and to prepare active/intelligent films. The SeedT extract showed a higher phenolic content (~ 440 mg gallic acid (GA)/g extract) and antioxidant inhibition (~ 20 %) than the SkinT extract (14 mg GA/g extract, 2 % antioxidant inhibition), while both extracts presented colour variations with an increase of solution pH. The addition of extracts into the gelatin formulation resulted in coloured and transparent films with lower wettability (water contact angle increased up to 92°) and higher UV-light absorbance (secondary antioxidant function) properties. The films were capable of releasing tannins by up to 20 % which led to antioxidant inhibition values of up to 13 % (primary antioxidant function). The addition of SkinT tannins into the films provided the films with a pH indicator ability (intelligent function).
Open Access
Dynamics of GFLV, GFkV, GLRaV-1, and GLRaV -3 grapevine viruses transport toward developing tissues
(Springer, 2023) Crespo Martínez, Sara; Ramírez Lacunza, Asier; Miranda Jiménez, Carlos; Urrestarazu Vidart, Jorge; Santesteban García, Gonzaga; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Viral diseases in grapevine cause large economic losses due to decreased irregular yield and unbalanced ripening, and can even lead to plant mortality. There is a large number of grapevine viral agents, and a few of them have a prominent impact due to their worldwide distribution, virulence, and incidence. Although previous research has evaluated variations in viral load between organs and time since infection, there is still a lack of knowledge on how the viruses are transported toward developing tissues. In this work, we present the results of two experiments that contribute to understanding the spread dynamics of four major grapevine viruses (GFLV, GFkV, GLRaV-1, and GLRaV -3). Bud and leaf tissues were sampled from shoots obtained from cv. ‘Garnacha’ cuttings known to be infected with one of these viruses. Bud samples taken at early development stages were used to understand short-distance transport, while leaves taken from young shoots represented long-distance transport, driven mainly through the phloem. Our results show that all viruses were able to invade tissues from the beginning of development. The dissemination ability of GFLV was considerable, as the viral load detected in young organs was as high as in the dormant shoot. Furthermore, for GFLV and GFkV, it was shown that the viral load in young shoots does not follow the general assumption of older tissues accumulating a higher viral load but, conversely, a higher viral load closer to the shoot tip might be driven by the sink strength.
Open Access
Evaluation of the incidence of severe trimming on grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) water consumption
(Elsevier, 2019-03-01) Abad Zamora, Francisco Javier; Marín Ederra, Diana; Loidi Erviti, Maite; Miranda Jiménez, Carlos; Royo Díaz, José Bernardo; Urrestarazu Vidart, Jorge; Santesteban García, Gonzaga; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa, FPI-UPNA-2016; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
Viticulture in Southern Europe heads towards a scenario of drier and warmer the growing seasons due to climate change. This decrease in the amount of water available for the vines and increase in evapotranspiration make necessary finding strategies to reduce vineyard water needs. In this context, the effect of severe trimming (40¿60% of shoot length), performed at pea-size stage, on plant water status was evaluated in four different vineyards located in North of Spain. Severe trimming improved plant water status clearly only when climate conditions were more demanding, whereas only a slight improvement or no change was observed elsewhere. Lower leaf areas resulted in less water deficit following a logarithmical trend revealing that the effect was more pronounced at low leaf area levels. Severe trimming had non-significant effects on cluster number, yield and cluster weight, but presents a tendency to reduce total soluble solids content and to increase total acidity, consequently delaying ripening.
Open Access
Expansion of the global RNA virome reveals diverse clades of bacteriophages
(Elsevier, 2022) Neri, Uri; Wolf, Yuri I.; Roux, Simon; Camargo, Antonio Pedro; Lee, Benjamin; Kazlauskas, Darius; Chen, I. Min; Ivanova, Natalia; Zeigler Allen, Lisa; Paez-Espino, David; Bryant, Donald A.; Bhaya, Devaki; Krupovic, Mart; Dolja, Valerian V.; Kyrpides, Nikos C.; Koonin, Eugene V.; Gophna, Uri; RNA Virus Discovery Consortium; Narrowe, Adrienne B.; Ramírez Nasto, Lucía; Wang, Zhong; Nusslein, Klaus; Meredith, Laura K.; Buée, Marc; Huntemann, Marcel; Kalyuzhnaya, Marina G.; Waldrop, Mark P.; Sullivan, Matthew B.; Schrenk, Matthew O.; Hess, Matthias; Vega, Michael A.; O’Malley, Michelle A.; Medina, Mónica; Gilbert, Naomi E.; Delherbe, Nathalie; Mason, Olivia U.; Probst, Alexander J.; Sczyrba, Alexander; Kohler, Annegret; Séguin, Armand; Shade, Ashley; Campbell, Barbara J.; Lindahl, Björn D.; Reese, Brandi Kiel; Roque, Breanna M.; DeRito, Christopher; Averill, Colin; Cullen, Daniel; Beck, David A.C.; Walsh, David A.; Ward, David M.; Wu, Dongying; Eloe-Fadrosh, Emiley; Brodie, Eoin L.; Dijkstra, Paul; Chuckran, Peter F.; Baldrian, Petr; Constant, Philippe; Stepanauskas, Ramunas; Daly, Rebecca A.; Lamendella, Regina; Gruninger, Robert J.; McKay, Robert M.; Hylander, Samuel; Lebeis, Sarah L.; Esser, Sarah P.; Acinas, Silvia G.; Young, Erica B.; Lilleskov, Erik A.; Castillo, Federico J.; Martin, Francis; LeCleir, Gary R.; Attwood, Graeme T.; Cadillo-Quiroz, Hinsby; Simon, Holly M.; Hewson, Ian; Grigoriev, Igor V.; Tiedje, James M.; Jansson, Janet K.; Lee, Janey; VanderGheynst, Jean S.; Dangl, Jeff; Bowman, Jeff S.; Blanchard, Jeffrey L.; Bowen, Jennifer L.; Xu, Jiangbing; Banfield, Jillian F.; Deming, Jody W.; Kostka, Joel E.; Gladden, John M.; Rapp, Josephine Z.; Sharpe, Joshua; McMahon, Katherine D.; Treseder, Kathleen K.; Bidle, Kay D.; Wrighton, Kelly C.; Thamatrakoln, Kimberlee; Wilhelm, Steven S.; Singer, Steven W.; Tringe, Susannah S.; Woyke, Tanja; Reddy, T.B.K.; Bell, Terrence H.; Mock, Thomas; McAllister, Tim; Thiel, Vera; Denef, Vincent J.; Liu, Wen-Tso; Martens-Habbena, Willm; Liu, Xiao-Jun Allen; Cooper, Zachary S.; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB
High-throughput RNA sequencing offers broad opportunities to explore the Earth RNA virome. Mining 5,150 diverse metatranscriptomes uncovered >2.5 million RNA virus contigs. Analysis of >330,000 RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRPs) shows that this expansion corresponds to a 5-fold increase of the known RNA virus diversity. Gene content analysis revealed multiple protein domains previously not found in RNA viruses and implicated in virus-host interactions. Extended RdRP phylogeny supports the monophyly of the five established phyla and reveals two putative additional bacteriophage phyla and numerous putative additional classes and orders. The dramatically expanded phylum Lenarviricota, consisting of bacterial and related eukaryotic viruses, now accounts for a third of the RNA virome. Identification of CRISPR spacer matches and bacteriolytic proteins suggests that subsets of picobirnaviruses and partitiviruses, previously associated with eukaryotes, infect prokaryotic hosts.
Open Access
Glucosinolates as an effective tool in plant-parasitic nematodes control: exploiting natural plant defenses
(Elsevier, 2022) Eugui Arrizabalaga, Daniel; Escobar, Carolina; Velasco, Pablo; Poveda Arias, Jorge; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are an important damaging biotic agent for numerous crops around the world, causing serious losses directly and indirectly. Cultural and chemical control strategies were mainly used to PPNs management. However, the choice of chemical nematicides is strictly limited in the agrosystems due to their toxicity, their impact to the environment and, therefore, banning policies. The main lines of action of biological control strategies for nematode control, are based on the development of antagonist microorganism formulations and the use of plant extracts with nematicidal potential. There are many plant secondary metabolites with effective nematicidal potential. In this sense, glucosinolates (GSLs) and, especially, glucosinolate hydrolysis products (GHPs) show relevant nematicidal activity. The effects through which these compounds control nematodes, both direct and indirect are diverse, such as toxicity, anti-hatching effect or promotion of competing saprophytic nematodes or nematophagous bacteria populations. The present work compiles many of the studies that describe the use of GSLs and GHPs as nematicides in agriculture, through very diverse strategies that range from crop rotation with Brassicales to the direct application of GSLs and GHPs to the soil. The authors present GSLs and GHPs as a more sustainable and suitable alternative in nematode control, remarking the need to further research in the modes of action and the impact on environment.
Open Access
Guía de buenas prácticas de poda de la vid
(2022) Santesteban García, Gonzaga; Palacios Muruzábal, Julián; Sebastián Caumel, Bárbara; Arzoz Lafuente, Ignacio; Dewasme, Coralie; Galar Martínez, Mónica; Juanena Ayestarán, Nahiara; Loidi Erviti, Maite; Roby, Jean Philippe; Rodríguez Lorenzo, Maite; Torres Molina, Nazareth; Villa Llop, Ana; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación
Esta es una guía gráfica e interactiva de buenas prácticas de poda de la vid, en la que se explica mediante vídeos sencillos y de fácil seguimiento cómo cumplir los criterios fundamentales que se deben seguir a la hora de realizar la poda del viñedo para no comprometer la longevidad de la planta. La Guía se centra en los sistemas de conducción vaso, Cordón Royat y Guyot porque son los más habituales, pero gran parte de lo descrito es válido para todos los sistemas de conducción ya que los principios fundamentales de la poda deben respetarse independientemente del sistema de poda. La Guía ha sido elaborada en el marco del proyecto Vites Qualitas (EFA 324/19) SOSTENIBILIDAD Y COMPETITIVIDAD DE LA VITICULTURA EN EL TERRITORIO POCTEFA
Open Access
Guía de buenas prácticas para la elección del material de plantación de un viñedo
(2023) García García, Rafael; Eraso Zabalegui, Javier; Villa Llop, Ana; Santesteban García, Gonzaga; Crespo Martínez, Sara; Gambra, Alberto; Palacios Muruzábal, Julián; Sebastián Caumel, Bárbara; Urrestarazu Vidart, Jorge; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación
Esta es una guía gráfica sobre la elección del material vegetal para la plantación de un viñedo. Mediante vídeos sencillos se explican factores agronómicos claves a tener en cuenta antes de realizar una plantación, además de nociones básicas que se deben conocer para la elección del material vegetal. Hemos estructurado esta Guía en tres bloques, partiendo del objetivo principal que es la obtención de un viñedo equi- librado, siguiendo con la explicación de las distintas calida- des genéticas que se pueden elegir a la hora de comprar el material vegetal; y concluyendo con vídeos sobre la calidad fisiológica de la planta y cómo comprobarla. Con los últimos vídeos, más científicos, queremos explicar qué sucede a nivel celular en la zona del punto de injerto para que las conexiones vasculares se puedan generar. Los aspectos clave a destacar a la hora de la elección del material vegetal serían: • Saber medir/cuantificar las cualidades y limitaciones de la parcela. • Conocer el abanico de posibilidades en cuanto al material genético disponible. • Saber comprobar la calidad fisiológica del material vegetal. Y fundamental para realizar una plantación con éxito, es tener la máxima información posible como mínimo un año antes de realizar la plantación del viñedo.
Open Access
Identificación de síntomas previsuales de salinidad mediante imágenes hiperespectrales infrarrojas en vid
(Sociedad Española de Ciencias Hortícolas, 2022) Arazuri Garín, Silvia; Pérez Roncal, Claudia; Jarén Ceballos, Carmen; Santesteban García, Gonzaga; Marín Ederra, Diana; Miranda Jiménez, Carlos; López Maestresalas, Ainara; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD
Los niveles altos de salinidad que se pueden producir en un viñedo, asociados generalmente al uso de aguas de baja calidad genera un tipo de estrés abiótico que limita la producción de la uva y afecta a la calidad de los vinos. Teniendo en cuenta la importancia de la monitorización de los cultivos en la toma de decisiones para una buena gestión del viñedo, se plantea como objetivo de este trabajo la identificación previsual de síntomas de estrés abiótico en viña por medio de la tecnología de imágenes hiperespectrales en el infrarrojo cercano (HSI-NIR). Para llevar a cabo este objetivo, se realizó un ensayo en maceta en la Finca de Prácticas de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y Biociencias de la UPNA. El ensayo se realizó con plantas de un año de la variedad Monastrell sobre dos portainjertos 110R y 1103P. Se establecieron dos tratamientos: control (regado con agua de riego no salina) y salinidad (agua de riego con una concentración de sal común de 1,6 g/l). Entre finales de agosto y principios de septiembre se realizaron tres muestreos de hojas, analizando un total de 600 hojas (100 hojas/tratamiento y día). Las imágenes se tomaron con una cámara hiperespectral Xeva 1.7-320-100Hz, con rango espectral 900-1700nm. Una vez procesadas las imágenes se realizó una clasificación mediante un análisis discriminante por mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS-DA) obteniéndose un porcentaje de muestras correctamente clasificadas en su grupo de origen (control o salinidad) del 82 % el primer día de muestreo, y del 87 % a partir del segundo día. A partir de estos datos podemos concluir que es posible identificar, mediante la tecnología HSI-NIR, síntomas en plantas sometidas a un tratamiento de riego con agua salina antes de que aparezcan síntomas en las hojas.
Open Access
Iflavirus covert infection increases susceptibility to nucleopolyhedrovirus disease in Spodoptera exigua
(MDPI, 2020) Carballo Palos, Arkaitz; Williams, Trevor; Murillo Pérez, Rosa; Caballero Murillo, Primitivo; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación
Naturally occurring covert infections in lepidopteran populations can involve multiple viruses with potentially different transmission strategies. In this study, we characterized covert infection by two RNA viruses, Spodoptera exigua iflavirus 1 (SeIV-1) and Spodoptera exigua iflavirus 2 (SeIV-2) (family Iflaviridae) that naturally infect populations of Spodoptera exigua, and examined their influence on susceptibility to patent disease by the nucleopolyhedrovirus Spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV) (family Baculoviridae). The abundance of SeIV-1 genomes increased up to ten-thousand-fold across insect developmental stages after surface contamination of host eggs with a mixture of SeIV-1 and SeIV-2 particles, whereas the abundance of SeIV-2 remained constant across all developmental stages. Low levels of SeIV-2 infection were detected in all groups of insects, including those that hatched from surface-decontaminated egg masses. SeIV-1 infection resulted in reduced larval weight gain, and an unbalanced sex ratio, whereas larval developmental time, pupal weight, and adult emergence and fecundity were not significantly affected in infected adults. The inoculation of S. exigua egg masses with iflavirus, followed by a subsequent infection with SeMNPV, resulted in an additive effect on larval mortality. The 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of SeMNPV was reduced nearly 4-fold and the mean time to death was faster by 12 h in iflavirus-treated insects. These results suggest that inapparent iflavirus infections may be able to modulate the host response to a new pathogen, a finding that has particular relevance to the use of SeMNPV as the basis for biological pest control products.
Open Access
Mixtures of insect-pathogenic viruses in a single virion: towards the development of custom-designed insecticides
(American Society for Microbiology, 2021) López Ferber, Miguel; Lent, Jan W. M. van; Beperet Arive, Inés; Simón de Goñi, Oihane; Williams, Trevor; Caballero Murillo, Primitivo; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB
Alphabaculoviruses (Baculoviridae) are pathogenic DNA viruses of Lepidoptera that have applications as the basis for biological insecticides and expression vectors in biotechnological processes. These viruses have a characteristic physical structure that facilitates the transmission of groups of genomes. We demonstrate that coinfection of a susceptible insect by two different alphabacu-lovirus species results in the production of mixed-virus occlusion bodies containing the parental viruses. This occurred between closely related and phylogeneti-cally more distant alphabaculoviruses. Approximately half the virions present in proteinaceous viral occlusion bodies produced following coinfection of insects with a mixture of two alphabaculoviruses contained both viruses, indicating that the viruses coinfected and replicated in a single cell and were coenveloped within the same virion. This observation was confirmed by endpoint dilution assay. Moreover, both viruses persisted in the mixed-virus population by coinfection of insects during several rounds of insect-to-insect transmission. Coinfection by viruses that differed in genome size had unexpected results on the length of viral nucleocapsids, which differed from those of both parental viruses. These results have unique implications for the development of alphabaculoviruses as biological control agents of insect pests. IMPORTANCE Alphabaculoviruses are used as biological insecticides and expression vectors in biotechnology and medical applications. We demonstrate that in caterpillars infected with particular mixtures of viruses, the genomes of different baculovirus species can be enveloped together within individual virions and occluded within proteinaceous occlusion bodies. This results in the transmission of mixed-virus populations to the caterpillar stages of moth species. Once established, mixed-virus populations persist by coinfection of insect cells during several rounds of insect-to-insect transmission. Mixed-virus production technology opens the way to the development of custom-designed insecticides for control of different combinations of caterpillar pest species.
Open Access
Municipal solid waste management in a decentralized composting scenario: assessment of the process reproducibility and quality of the obtained composts
(MDPI, 2024) Álvarez-Alonso, Cristina; Pérez-Murcia, María Dolores; Sánchez-Méndez, Silvia; Martínez-Sabater, Encarnación; Irigoyen Iriarte, Ignacio; López, Marga; Nogués, Isabel; Paredes, Concepción; Orden, Luciano; García-Rández, Ana; Bustamante, María Ángeles; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB
Over the last several years, the models for organic waste management have changed to implement circular economy in the productive cycle. In this context, new scenarios have emerged, where the management of different organic waste streams by composting is conducted with decentralized models that manage organic wastes in a more local way. However, in these new models, the standardization of the process control and of the end-product characteristics is necessary to guarantee the quality and agronomic value of the compost obtained, avoiding potential risks for human health and the environment. Thus, the aim of this work was to study two different scenarios of community composting of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste separately collected in order to guarantee the effectiveness and reproducibility of the composting processes and the quality of the composts obtained. For this, the development of the process and the characteristics of the composts at agronomic, hygienic–sanitary and environmental levels were assessed in real conditions and during three cycles of the process. The results obtained show high similarity among the different composting cycles, indicating an important degree of reproducibility among the processes. In addition, the composts obtained showed a good sanitary quality, absence of phytotoxicity and low contents of potentially toxic elements, which guarantee their use in agriculture without posing any risk to human health and to the environment.
Open Access
Nature-based strategies to regenerate the functioning and biodiversity of vineyards
(Wiley, 2024) Ochoa‐Hueso, Raúl; Cantos‐Villar, Emma; Puertas, Belén; Aguiar del Río, Juan F.; Belda, Ignacio; Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel; Fernández, Victoria; Gallardo, Antonio; García-Morales, José L.; Garde-Cerdán, Teresa; Santesteban García, Gonzaga; Lazcano, Cristina; Liberal, Isabel M.; Serrano-Grijalva, Lilia; Tortosa, Germán; Casimiro‐Soriguer, Ramón; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB
Grapevine is one of the most important perennial fruit crops worldwide. Historically, vineyards were compatible with soil conservation practices and multitrophic biodiversity, but vineyards are now generally eroded and biologically impoverished, making them more susceptible to pests and diseases. However, the idiosyncrasy of the wine sector places wine growers in a unique position to lead the adoption of a range of sustainable management strategies and, thus, to pioneer a wider transformation of the agricultural sector. In this article, we provide an overview of nature-based management strategies that may be used for the regeneration of the functioning and biodiversity of vineyards and that may also lead to improved plant nutrition, grape berry quality and the suppression of pathogens and pests. These strategies include the use of microbial and nonmicrobial biostimulants, fertilization with organic amendments as well as foliar fertilization with nature-based products, the use of cover crops and the reintegration of livestock in vineyards, especially sheep. We will also pay special attention to the implementation of circular economy in the vineyard in relation to the previously mentioned management strategies and will also discuss the importance of considering all these aspects from a holistic and integrative perspective, rather than taking them into account as single factors. Assuming the integral role of soils in the functioning of agroecosystems, soils will be considered transversally across all sections. Finally, we will argue that the time is now ripe for innovation from the public and private sectors to contribute to the sustainable management of vineyards while maintaining, or even improving, the profit margin for farmers and winemakers.
Open Access
Nitrogen isotope ratio (δ15N): a nearly unexplored indicator that provides useful information in viticulture
(International Viticulture and Enology Society, 2024-05-15) Santesteban García, Gonzaga; Loidi Erviti, Maite; Urretavizcaya Sanz, Inés; Galar Martínez, Mónica; Crespo Martínez, Sara; Royo Díaz, José Bernardo; Miranda Jiménez, Carlos; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
The study of the natural abundance of nitrogen-stable isotopes is an aspect of viticulture research that has received limited attention. While stable isotopes of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen have received significant attention, nitrogen isotope ratio (S15N) 15 N) remains a less studied yet potentially informative parameter. This paper explores the implications of S15N 15 N measurements in grapevines, shedding light on its utility as an indicator for nitrogen sources, plant water status, and within-field variability. The study examines the influence of nitrogen sources, dose, and sampling organs on S15N 15 N values, revealing distinct trends in petioles, berries, and seeds. Organic fertilisers led to higher S15N 15 N values compared to inorganic sources, while increasing nitrogen doses exhibited a much weaker effect on S15N. 15 N. Moreover, S15N 15 N values vary spatially within vineyards, associating with its topography and potential soil composition, soil management and water availability. Our results highlight the importance of considering S15N 15 N in viticulture, suggesting its integration with S13C 13 C for comprehensive insights into nitrogen cycling and soil management practices. The findings advocate for further research to harness the full potential of 15 N as a valuable tool in viticultural studies.