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Browsing by Author "Casares Polo, Miguel"

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    Business cycle analysis in a New Keynesian model with money
    (2022) Goñi Artieda, Javier; Casares Polo, Miguel; Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales; Ekonomia eta Enpresa Zientzien Fakultatea
    El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el comportamiento de los agentes económicos frente a los diferentes shocks económicos, responsables de las fluctuaciones de los ciclos económicos. Una versión del modelo Neokeynesiano con dinero es descrito en este trabajo, en ella se incluyen elementos muy característicos de esta escuela de pensamiento como son los precios rígidos, la competencia monopolística y los costes de transacción. Este ensayo también evalúa y compara el desempeño de dos escenarios diferentes de una regla de política monetaria basada en el tipo de interés nominal como instrumento. La configuración de referencia es la regla basada en los parámetros propuestos por Taylor (1993), mientras que en el modelo alternativo utilizaremos la regla basada en la propuesta de Smets (2003). La comparación está basada en estadísticos de segundo grado extraídos tras realizar simulaciones en el programa MatLab. Dichos estadísticos están asociados con la volatilidad, la correlación con el PIB y la persistencia de las variables endógenas.
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    Business cycle and monetary analysis in a New Keynesian model
    (2022) Galar Labayen, María; Casares Polo, Miguel; Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales; Ekonomia eta Enpresa Zientzien Fakultatea
    Los modelos macroeconómicos deben ser diseñados para explicar adecuadamente los efectos de diferentes shocks que afectan a la economía, como la crisis de la deuda soberana, la pandemia del Covid-19 o la guerra de Ucrania que provocó un aumento de la inflación. Además, es interesante saber cómo pueden utilizar estos modelos los consumidores, los productores y las instituciones públicas para analizar y solventar los efectos de estos impactos. Para ello, a lo largo de este trabajo describimos un modelo basado en el comportamiento optimizador de los individuos, las empresas, el banco central y el gobierno, considerando un modelo de equilibrio general, pero ajustado para asemejarse más a la realidad, a través de competencia monopolística y rigidez de precios. También se han calibrado los diferentes parámetros del modelo en línea con trabajos realizados. Se introducen dos tipos de reglas de política monetaria con el fin de comparar los diferentes instrumentos del Banco Central para estabilizar las fluctuaciones de producción e inflación entorno a sus valores de estado estacionario. Encuentro que la regla de Taylor supera a la regla de crecimiento del dinero en la estabilización de la inflación y la producción, porque produce una menor volatilidad en las desviaciones de sus valores a largo plazo.
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    Business cycle and monetary policy analysis in a structural sticky price model of the euro area
    (2001) Casares Polo, Miguel; Economía; Ekonomia
    Structural models are a powerful tool for business cycle and monetary policy analysis because they are assumed to be invariant to either policy changes or external shocks. In this paper, we derive a neoclassical monetary model in which both the demand and supply side are structural in the sense that the behavioral equations obtained are rigorously calculated from optimizing decisions of the individuals. Moreover, we introduce price stickiness on the supply side decisions so as to have relevant short-run real effects of monetary policy through the real interest rate channel. The resulting medium-size model will be calibrated and estimated for the euro area economies. As two examples of the applications of the model for the euro area, some simulations on business cycle and monetary policy analysis will be carried out.
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    Business cycle and monetary policy analysis with market rigidities and financial frictions
    (2013) Casares Polo, Miguel; Deidda, Luca; Galdón Sánchez, José Enrique; Economía; Ekonomia
    We describe a dynamic macroeconomic model that incorporates firm-level borrowing constraints, competitive CES loan production, and rigidities on both setting prices and wages. The external finance premium (interest-rate spread) is countercyclical with technology and financial shocks, and procyclical with consumption spending shocks. The real effects of financial shocks are significantly amplified when either considering greater rigidities for price/wage setting or a low elasticity of substitution in loan production (banking real rigidities). In the monetary policy analysis, a stabilizing Taylor (1983)-style rule performs slightly better when incorporating a positive and small response coefficient to the external finance premium.
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    Business dynamism and economic growth: U.S. regional evidence
    (2016) Casares Polo, Miguel; Khan, Hashmat; Economía; Ekonomia
    We document empirical evidence on the determinants of U.S. regional growth over the last 25 years, with a special attention to the role of entrepreneurial activity or `business dynamism'. The main data source is the Business Dynamics Statistics (BDS) released by the U.S. Census Bureau. The key findings are: i) business entry and exit rates are similarly distributed across states, ii) neither entry nor exit rates have had a significant impact on regional growth, iii) higher business density results in faster regional growth, iv) entry rates have fallen over time and the states with greater business detrending have had weaker economic growth, v) states where entry and exit show substantial comovement (business churning) tend to grow faster, especially after 2007, vi) state-level population growth has no substantial effect on regional growth, and vii) the convergence hypothesis holds across the states of the U.S.
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    COVID-19 pandemic and economic scenarios for Ontario
    (2020) Casares Polo, Miguel; Gomme, Paul; Khan, Hashmat; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Economía
    To study the efficacy of the public policy response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we develop a model of the rich interactions between epidemiology and socioeconomic choices. Preferences feature a 'fear of death' that lead individuals to reduce their social activity and work time in the face of the pandemic. The aggregate effect of these reductions is to slow the spread of the coronavirus. We calibrate the model, including public policies, to developments in Ontario in spring 2020. The model fits the epidemiological data quite well, including the second wave starting in late 2020. We find that socioeconomic interventions work well in the short term, resulting in a rapid drop off in new cases. The long run, however, is governed chiefly by health developments. Welfare cost calculations point to synergies between the health and socioeconomic measures.
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    Data revisions in the estimation of DSGE models
    (2011) Casares Polo, Miguel; Vázquez, Jesús; Economía; Ekonomia
    Revisions of US macroeconomic data are not white-noise. They are persistent, correlated with real-time data, and with high variability (around 80% of volatility observed in US real-time data). Their business cycle effects are examined in an estimated DSGE model that distinguishes real-time data from final data. Both the consumption habit formation and the price indexation to lagged inflation fall significantly in the estimation. The model also shows that revision shocks of both output and inflation are expansionary because they occur when real-time published data are too low and the Fed reacts by cutting interest rates. Consumption revisions, by contrast, are countercyclical as consumption habits mirror the observed reduction in real-time consumption. Finally, revisions of the three variables explain 9.3% of changes of output in its long-run variance decomposition.
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    The determinants of gender differences on labor supply in Spain
    (2017) Greño Lasheras, Cristina; Casares Polo, Miguel; Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales; Ekonomia eta Enpresa Zientzien Fakultatea
    The main objective of this paper is to analyze the determinants of the gender differences observed in Spain using a micro-founded model of the labor market. Through the analysis of the evolution of several variables affecting the household´s optimal choices of leisure, market work and home work, it is possible to offer a concise and clear understanding about the time allocation of the individuals. Furthermore, I forecast the evolution of the household´s time allocation under different possible scenarios. For this purpose, I will solve the non-linear system of equations of the model using MatLab. The parameter calibration will adapt to the specific characteristics and working hours of the job market in Spain. Finally, I will run three different simulations to try to explain the evolution of both female and male labor supply.
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    Did US business dynamism recover in the 2010s?
    (2021) Aguilera Bravo, Asier; Casares Polo, Miguel; Khan, Hashmat; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Economía
    We provide evidence that both firm and establishment entry rates in the US have been increasing over the past decade, seemingly ending the secular decline observed over previous decades. However, the job-size of new businesses relative to incumbents has decreased substantially. Controlling for these opposite trends reveals that the size-adjusted entry rate continues to decline.
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    Did US business dynamism recover in the 2010s?
    (Elsevier, 2022) Aguilera Bravo, Asier; Casares Polo, Miguel; Khan, Hashmat; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Economía
    We provide evidence that both firm and establishment entry rates in the US have been increasing over the past decade, seemingly ending the decline observed over previous decades. However, neither the job creation and destruction rates nor the reallocation rates show signs of recovery. These conflicting features are reconciled after we control for the changes in job size of business units. As a result, we conclude that business dynamism flattened at historically low levels during the 2010s.
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    Dynamic analysis in an optimizing monetary model with transaction costs and endogenous investment
    (2001) Casares Polo, Miguel; Economía; Ekonomia
    This paper analyzes the period-to-period changes that occur in an optimizing monetary model with uncertainty and sticky prices. Money is incorporate in its role as a medium of exchange through a time-cost transactions technology. Another important characteristic of the model is that both capital and investment are obtained endogenously. In this regard, adjustment costs of installing investment are incorporated to smooth and delay capital movements over the economic cycle. We will focus attention on analyzing the consumption, investment and real money demand functions resulting from the model. These three equations give rise to the structural IS-LM economy as part of the general equilibrium described in the paper. Nominal prices are sticky, i.e., they do not adjust instantly thereby allowing departures from general equilibrium obtained when there is absence of nominal frictions. We chose to have the Fuhrer-Moore specification for nominal contract prices. The model is calibrated on quarterly observations from United States data. Four types of exogenous shocks are included in our setup: production technology shocks, consumption preference (demand) shocks, monetary policy shocks, and shopping time shocks. Hence, variability of output, consumption, investment, etc., may result from several sources. The impact of each shock in the economic cycle will be examined by plotting impulse-response functions implied by the solutions of the model.
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    A dynamic macroeconomic analysis of the Greek crisis. Analysis of the current problems of the Greek economy using an open-economy dynamic macroeconomic model that incorporates public debt
    (2016) Etayo López, María Ester; Casares Polo, Miguel; Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales; Ekonomia eta Enpresa Zientzien Fakultatea
    The main goal of this paper is to explain the reasons behind the weak economic situation of Greece. Through the analysis of the evolution of several macroeconomic variables, it is possible to offer the reader a clear understanding about the magnitude of the Greek economic contraction in comparison with the partners of the Euro Area. In addition, I estimate the evolution of the Greek economy under certain different scenarios. In order to do it, a dynamic macroeconomic model is going to be developed and solved through the Minimal State Variable (MSV) solution and using econometric techniques to calibrate the model and adjust it to the specific characteristics of Greece. I run four different simulations to analyze how the economy would react to either a fiscal shock or a risk premium shock.
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    A dynamic macroeconomic model to analyze the effects of a monetary policy tightening of the ECB for the Spanish economy
    (2019) Morales Rivero, Ainara; Casares Polo, Miguel; Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales; Ekonomia eta Enpresa Zientzien Fakultatea
    El final de la política de la política de tipos de interés nominales iguales a cero que tuvo lugar durante la crisis económica española es un asunto apremiante. Este estudio busca construir un modelo de equilibrio general dinámico para estudiar los efectos del incremento de los tipos de interés para la economía española. El primer análisis que realizaremos está basado en la evidencia empírica acerca de las variables relevantes para nuestro modelo. Luego, desarrollaremos un modelo de equilibrio dinámico que simula el comporta miento de un modelo neo keynesiano con rigidez de precios. Después de calibrar los parámetros del modelo para la economía española haremos uso del software Dynare (ejecutado mediante MatLab) para simular y resolver el modelo. Finalmente, explicaremos posibles fluctuaciones a corto plazo en las variables exógenas resultantes de un shock de exportaciones netas, gasto público y tipo de interés. Vamos a trabajar en diferentes escenarios para explicar los efectos de una subida de tipos de interés para la economía española sobre el PIB, consumo, inversión, prima de riesgo y deuda pública sobre PIB.
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    A dynamic model of COVID-19: contagion and implications of isolation enforcement
    (2020) Casares Polo, Miguel; Khan, Hashmat; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Economía
    We present a dynamic model that produces day-to-day changes in key variables due to the COVID-19 contagion: the number of ever infected people, currently infected, deaths, healed, and infected people who require hospitalization. The model is carefully calibrated to Spanish data and we conduct simulation exercises to study the role of isolation measures to contain the virus spread. We find that virus containment from isolation exhibits increasing returns. Our model simulations show that the State of Alarm intervention of the Spanish government on March 14th, 2020 reduces deaths by almost 85%, and lowers the maximum number of infected people who need daily hospitalization by a factor of 1/12. The simulations also indicate that both the timing and the intensity of the isolation enforcement are key for the evolution of the virus spread and the smoothing of the hospitalization needs.
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    Entry and exit in recent US business cycles
    (2015) Casares Polo, Miguel; Economía; Ekonomia
    I show evidence indicating that the variability of the total number of business units (establishments) has significantly increased in recent US business cycles, accounting for nearly 2/3 of real GDP fluctuations during the 2003-2012 decade. Next, I examine the role of business creation and destruction in an estimated DSGE-style model extended with endogenous entry and exit. Shocks on both entry and, especially, exit have played a crucial role on explaining the latest boom-bust cycle in the US economy. I also find that the estimated innovations of total factor productivity are positive and high in 2010-2012, which might be the consequence of the dramatic increase in the exit rates observed during the recession of 2008-2009.
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    Essays in macroeconomics
    (2019) Aguilera Bravo, Asier; Casares Polo, Miguel; Galdón Sánchez, José Enrique; Economía; Ekonomia; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
    Esta tesis consta de tres capítulos, cada uno de los cuales analiza temas relevantes en el campo de la Macroeconomía. La investigación realizada en los tres capítulos se basa en la metodología de los modelos dinámicos de equilibrio general. Los fundamentos microeconómicos se encuentran en el núcleo de este tipo de modelos, en los que los agentes forman sus expectativas sobre el futuro de manera racional. Esta metodología ha demostrado ser una herramienta poderosa para abordar un gran conjunto de problemas económicos. El primer capítulo, ``Risk Aversion, Entrepreneurship and Wealth Distribution'', explora el efecto de la heterogeneidad en la aversión al riesgo sobre el emprendimiento, el comportamiento del ahorro y la distribución de la riqueza. La distribución de la riqueza es uno de los temas más debatidos no solo en la política contemporánea, sino también en los medios de comunicación y en ámbitos académicos. En particular, la gran concentración de riqueza en la parte superior de la distribución, que se observa en muchas economías avanzadas, se ha situado en el centro del debate. La relevancia de este problema no se ha visto socavada a pesar de la dificultad que supone estimar los niveles de riqueza acumulada en manos de los hogares más ricos. Apoyado por razones empíricas, el marco teórico para analizar la distribución de la riqueza debe incluir tanto el emprendimiento como la heterogeneidad de las preferencias. Con este objetivo, en el primer capítulo se desarrolla un modelo de elección ocupacional con agentes heterogéneos en el que los hogares varían en su aversión al riesgo, se enfrentan a perturbaciones idiosincrásicas no asegurables, tienen restricciones financieras y deben decidir si convertirse en trabajadores o en emprendedores. Esta decisión se basa en una combinación de la aversión al riesgo individual, las habilidades específicas en cada ocupación y los niveles de riqueza acumulados. Como resultado se obtiene que la aversión al riesgo tiene un efecto directo e indirecto en la decisión de ahorro y en la ocupación de los agentes. Por un lado, una mayor aversión al riesgo disuade a los agentes de convertirse en emprendedores y, por lo tanto, los ahorros destinados a superar las restricciones financieras son menores. Por otro lado, una mayor aversión al riesgo también conduce a un mayor ahorro por motivo de precaución que, indirectamente, atenúa las restricciones financieras y hace que la opción de convertirse en emprendedor sea más atractiva. En el modelo desarrollado, el último efecto domina, y los agentes con mayor aversión al riesgo acumulan mayores niveles de riqueza y también se convierten en emprendedores. La contribución más importante de este modelo es que permite desentrañar los efectos que la aversión al riesgo y las fricciones financieras tienen sobre el emprendimiento, que es un factor clave para explicar la desigualdad en la acumulación de la riqueza. El segundo capítulo se titula ``Long-term business relationships, bargaining and monetary policy'' y es un trabajo conjunto con Mirko Abbritti y Tommaso Trani. Su motivación se deriva de la creciente literatura empírica que documenta la importancia de las relaciones comerciales a largo plazo y los procesos de negociación sobre la rigidez de los precios y las dinámicas empresariales. Este artículo introduce relaciones comerciales entre empresas (B2B) a largo plazo y procesos de negociación de precios en un modelo monetario de equilibrio general dinámico estocástico (DSGE) estándar. El modelo se basa en dos suposiciones. Primero, tanto los productores mayoristas como los minoristas necesitan gastar recursos para formar nuevas relaciones comerciales. Segundo, una vez que se forma una relación comercial, el precio se establece en una negociación bilateral entre las empresas. El modelo proporciona un marco riguroso para estudiar el efecto de las relaciones comerciales a largo plazo y los procesos de negociación sobre la política monetaria y la dinámica del ciclo económico. Además, se demuestra que estas relaciones comerciales reducen tanto el papel de asignación de los precios intermedios como los efectos reales de las perturbaciones de la política monetaria. También encontramos que el modelo hace un gran trabajo al replicar los segundos momentos y las correlaciones cruzadas de los datos, y que mejora con respecto al modelo de referencia Neo Keynesiano en explicar dichos estadísticos. El tercer y último capítulo de esta tesis, ``On Staggered Prices and Optimal Inflation'', es coautoreado con uno de mis directores, Miguel Casares. En este artículo se calcula la tasa de inflación óptima en estado estacionario bajo dos especificaciones de rigidez de precios diferentes, Calvo (1983) y Taylor (1980), en un modelo con competencia monopolística. Encontramos que la tasa óptima de inflación en estado estacionario es siempre positiva. Este resultado es robusto a los cambios en el grado de rigidez de los precios. En ambos casos con rigidez de precios, la tasa de inflación óptima es aproximadamente igual al cociente entre la tasa de descuento y la elasticidad de Dixit-Stiglitz. Para calibraciones estándar, el coste de bienestar de la inflación es cuantitativamente pequeño, pero significativamente más alto si los precios son rígidos a la Calvo que si son rígidos a la Taylor.
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    An estimated new-Keynesian model with unemployment as excess supply of labor
    (2010) Casares Polo, Miguel; Moreno Pérez, Antonio; Vázquez, Jesús; Economía; Ekonomia
    As one alternative to search frictions, wage stickiness is introduced in a New-Keynesian model to generate endogenous unemployment fluctuations due to mismatches between labor supply and labor demand. The effects on an estimated New-Keynesian model for the U.S. economy are: i) the Calvo-type probability on wage stickiness rises, ii) the labor supply elasticity falls, iii) the implied second-moment statistics of the unemployment rate provide a reasonable match with those observed in the data, and iv) wage-push shocks, demand shifts and monetary policy shocks are the three major determinants of unemployment fluctuations.
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    The extensive margin and US aggregate fluctuations: a quantitative assessment
    (Elsevier, 2020) Casares Polo, Miguel; Khan, Hashmat; Poutineau, Jean-Christophe; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Economía
    We report empirical evidence indicating that US net business formation has recently turned more volatile, procyclical and persistent. To study these stylized facts, we estimate a DSGE model with endogenous entry and exit. Business units feature heterogeneous productivity and they shut down if the present value of expected future dividends falls below the current liquidation value. The model provides a better fit than a constant exit rate model with the fluctuations of US business formation. The introduction of the extensive margin amplifies the effects of technology and risk-premium shocks, and reduces the procyclicality of firm-level production. The main sources of variability of the US aggregate fluctuations during the Great Recession are countercyclical technology shocks, persistent adverse risk-premium shocks, and expansionary monetary policy shocks.
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    Firm entry under financial frictions
    (2011) Casares Polo, Miguel; Poutineau, Jean-Christophe; Economía; Ekonomia
    Introducing both endogenous firm entry and a requirement for external finance in a general-equilibrium model leads to three main results. First, the financial constraint has contractionary effects on both equity investment and the labor supply as they are inversely related to the marginal finance cost. Second, net firm creation amplifies the steady-state impact of changes in either productivity or banking efficiency due to procyclical firm entry. Third, a higher elasticity of substitution (that implies a lower mark-up) cuts the number of firms and makes aggregate output fall in steady state, opposite to standard models with constant number of firms.
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    The great moderation of inflation: a structural analysis of recent U.S. monetary business cycles
    (2012) Casares Polo, Miguel; Vázquez, Jesús; Economía; Ekonomia
    U.S. inflation has experienced a great moderation in the last two decades. This paper examines the factors behind this and other stylized facts, such as the weaker correlation of inflation and nominal interest rate (Gibson paradox). Our findings point at lower exogenous variability of supply-side shocks and, to a lower extent, structural changes in money demand, monetary policy, and firms’ sticky pricing behavior as the main driving forces of the changes observed in recent U.S. business cycles.
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Con la colaboración del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación y de la Fundación Española para la Ciencia y la Tecnología (FECYT).

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