Open Access
La nueva economía y su cuantificación. Un enfoque desde la microeconomía y la macroeconomía
(Gobierno de Navarra, Departamento de Economía y Hacienda, 2002) Billón Currás, Margarita; Hernández Nanclares, Nuria; Lera López, Fernando; Economía; Ekonomia
El debate abierto en torno a la existencia de una “nueva economía” exige entender y analizar este fenómeno desde distintas perspectivas. Así, la primera parte del trabajo se centra en la descripción de alguna de sus principales características desde un punto de vista tanto micro como macroeconómico. El papel central de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) se destaca en ambos casos. La segunda parte del trabajo señala los principales problemas de medición y los datos disponibles sobre el fenómeno. Esto explica, no solo la importancia, sino también la dificultad de medición de la “nueva economía”.
Open Access
Actividad física y salud autopercibida en personas mayores de 50 años
(Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 2017) Lera López, Fernando; Garrués Irisarri, Mirian; Ollo López, Andrea; Sánchez Iriso, Eduardo; Cabasés Hita, Juan Manuel; Sánchez-Santos, José Manuel; Economía; Ekonomia; Gestión de Empresas; Enpresen Kudeaketa
El propósito del estudio es analizar los posibles efectos de la actividad física sobre la salud autopercibida. Para ello, se encuestó a 765 personas entre 50-70 años durante 2012 en España. Se utilizó el cuestionario internacional de actividad física (IPAQ) para estimar el equivalente metabólico de la tarea (MET) total y en cuatro ámbitos: trabajo, ocio, hogar y desplazamientos. La salud auto-percibida se obtuvo de la escala visual analógica del EQ-5D-5L. Los resultados muestran que únicamente el gasto energético de actividad física en el tiempo de ocio incide positivamente en el nivel de salud percibido, el resto de ámbitos no tienen influencia significativa. Asimismo, la autopercepción de la salud es más negativa con mayor edad, menor nivel educativo y mayor frecuencia de uso de servicios sanitarios. En conclusión, la actividad física desarrollada en el tiempo libre podría plantearse como alternativa para mejorar la calidad de vida de los mayores.
Open Access
Situación actual y prospectiva de futuro del sector de las energías renovables en Navarra
(Gobierno de Navarra, Departamento de Economía y Hacienda, 2003) Pintor Borobia, Jesús María; García Ortega, Justo; Faulín Fajardo, Javier; Lera López, Fernando; Ingeniería Mecánica, Energética y de Materiales; Estadística e Investigación Operativa; Economía; Mekanika, Energetika eta Materialen Ingeniaritza; Estatistika eta Ikerketa Operatiboa; Ekonomia
Razones económicas y medioambientales han hecho que la búsqueda de nuevas formas de energía se haya intensificado en los últimos años, desarrollándose distintos tipos de energías renovables. En el caso de la Unión Europea, se ha realizado una apuesta por este tipo de energías, produciéndose una especialización por países. La Comunidad Foral de Navarra es un claro ejemplo de esta sensibilidad, que le ha llevado a convertirse en un modelo de desarrollo. El presente trabajo recoge la situación actual de las energías renovables en la región, analizándolas desde el punto de vista de las empresas que realizan su actividad en este ámbito. Para ello, se ha determinado el conjunto de empresas que constituyen en Navarra el sector de las energías renovables, para a continuación proceder a analizarlo mediante una investigación de mercados. De este modo, se ha puesto de manifiesto las interrelaciones entre una política energética regional y la creación y desarrollo de un sector empresarial dinámico, competitivo y en crecimiento. El trabajo ofrece también una prospectiva de la situación para el período 2002-2005, contrastando los resultados obtenidos con distintos estudios nacionales y europeos.
Open Access
Physical activity disparities across Europe: clustering European regions by health-related physical activity levels
(Oxford University Press, 2022) Lera López, Fernando; Marco, Rocío; Economía; Ekonomia
In the context of stagnating global levels of physical activity (PA), this study examines the geographical segmentation of PA at the regional level (196 regions) in Europe. Cluster analysis and multinomial logistic regression are applied. Cluster analysis provides a taxonomy of four differentiated groups according to the health-related PA levels of the European regions. This taxonomy shows that there are significant regional disparities among European countries in terms of the regional PA level. The cluster profiles in terms of regional socioeconomic characteristics are described for each group, emphasizing the regional characteristics associated with PA. Regional economic variables, tertiary education and social Internet use are significant variables for characterizing the types of regions. The results emphasize the relevance of a European regional approach for reducing inter-regional PA disparities and improving health through PA in Europe. Practical implications of this research are based on regional European coordination, such as collaborative models of sport infrastructure use, co-financing of inter-regional facilities, mutual physical educational scholar programs and promotion of common inter-regional sport competitions and sporting events. Finally, formal schemes for exchanging of best regional practices to promote health-enhancing PA might increase the perception and the role of PA at the regional level in the European society.
Open Access
How the relationship between physical activity and health changes with age
(Springer, 2018-03-28) Lera López, Fernando; Ollo López, Andrea; Garrués Irisarri, Mirian; Cabasés Hita, Juan Manuel; Sánchez Iriso, Eduardo; Economía; Ekonomia; Gestión de Empresas; Enpresen Kudeaketa
In the context of age-related declines in physical activity (PA) and the dramatic increase in ageing populations in many countries, this paper sheds further light on the link between PA and self-perceived health (SPH) by examining whether the magnitude of this relationship is age specific. With a sample of 14,456 Spanish individuals aged 18–69, we estimated three levels of intensity in PA using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Individuals who did more PA per week showed higher levels of SPH (β = 0.28; 95% CI 0.24–0.32), and age moderated this relationship, with a positive effect over age 49. People aged 50–59 and 60–69 who practiced PA had higher probabilities of better SPH compared with those aged 40–49 (β = 0.14; 95% CI 0.04–0.24) and (β = 0.32; 95% CI 0.21–0.43), respectively. This association between PA and SPH also depended on the intensity of PA, especially for walking (β = 0.14; 95% CI 0.04–0.24). In particular, in comparison with people age 40–49, a statistically significant relationship with SPH was found among people age 50–59 who walked (β = 0.22; 95% CI 0.07–0.36) and people age 60–69 who did moderate PA (β = 0.38; 95% CI 0.23–0.54). This paper provides a major rationale for the design, organisation and implementation of public policies promoting PA and healthy ageing for different age groups.
Open Access
Comparing competitive balance for men's and women's leagues in European handball
(Routledge, 2024-08-09) Ayúcar Sánchez, Amaia; Lera López, Fernando; Iraizoz Apezteguia, Belén; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE
Research question: this paper contributes to research concerned with gender comparison in sport, considering handball, traditionally overlooked in studies of competitive balance. Research methods: we estimate measures of concentration and dominance to analyse the competitive balance in eight European handball leagues (both female and male) in four European countries (Denmark, France, Germany and Spain) during 15 seasons. Results and Findings: the results show statistically significant differences between the female and the male handball leagues. With the exception of France, the level of concentration is higher in the female than in the male leagues. In terms of dominance, there is less difference between the genders. In terms of evolution, the indicators reflect a deterioration of the competitive balance mainly in the female leagues. Implications: the analyses suggest that different measures should be put in place to increase the competitive balance in female leagues, through the transfer of resources from the male to the female leagues. To reduce the high level of dominance, a redistribution of resources among the teams should be considered to reduce the 'drag effect'. Research contribution: this is the first time that the most important European handball leagues have been examined to test the gender gap in competitive balance, with statistically significant differences being found.
Open Access
Are football managers as efficient as coaches? Performance analysis with ex ante and ex post inputs in the Premier league
(Routledge, 2019) Zambom Ferraresi, Fabíola; Iraizoz Apezteguia, Belén; Lera López, Fernando; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Economía; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
There is a controversy on sport performance literature about what type of inputs might explain more deeply the performance of sports clubs (inputs specification controversy). By one side, several papers have analysed sports teams' performance using the match-related statistics or wages as inputs, well-known as ex post inputs. By other side, some authors have criticized the use of these ex post inputs, and recommend the use of ex ante inputs, as the market value of the players. We have analysed the performance of football teams estimating technical efficiency with three different inputs specification. The methodologies employed were data envelopment analysis (DEA) and a bootstrapped DEA. Our sample is composed by English Premier League football clubs, during three seasons (2012/13-2014/15). The DEA results indicate that the correlation between the three models is positive and significant. The DEA-bootstrapped results help to restate the robustness of the estimations and endorsed the inputs choices. The correlations of the estimations with market value and match-related statistics are the most striking (90% and 94%, DEA and bootstrapped DEA), which indicate that the existent discussion related to the use of match-related statistics as input is unjustified, because it does not affect significantly the efficiency estimations.
Open Access
Building social capital through sport engagement: evidence for adults aged 50 years and older
(Cambridge, 2022) Sánchez-Santos, José Manuel; Rungo, Paolo; Lera López, Fernando; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Involvement in sports is considered a powerful way to generate social capital. However, the role of sport engagement in the development of social relationships of older adults has not received much attention. Remarkably, there is a lack of empirical evidence on the quality and diversity of social relations built through active sport participation and spectatorship. This paper attempts to assess the relationship between sport engagement and various measures of network social capital, including the extension and quality of social networks and the heterogeneity of personal relationships. Also, it proposes new and more informative measurements of an individual's quantity and quality of social ties. By analysing data from a survey in Spain (N = 600) and applying logistic regressions, the results show that sport participation and attendance at sporting events are closely related to different dimensions of network social capital. Concerning people who are not actively engaged in sports, more extensive social networks characterise those who frequently attend sporting events. In contrast, active sport participation is associated with the extensity and quality measures of social connectedness, the level of satisfaction with friends and the opportunity to enjoy close relationships. Therefore, this paper provides new evidence on how sport engagement may result in tighter and extensive networks for older adults and serve as support for emphasising sports, physical activity and leisure as strategies for maintaining and boosting older people's social and psychological health.
Open Access
Differences in formal and informal sports participation at regional level in England
(Routledge, 2017) Kokolakakis, Themis; Castellanos García, Pablo; Lera López, Fernando; Economía; Ekonomia
The aim of the article is to provide a regional approach to analyse sports participation in two different contexts: organised/formal versus non-organised/informal participation, using Sport England’s Active People Survey national data set. We have estimated two models: first, a general model to explain differences in regional informal and formal participation rates; second, an econometric model dealing with formal participation at a regular frequency. The results emphasise the different roles played by some correlates depending on the context of sports participation under study. Only economic and cultural variables seem to have a general influence throughout all the sports participation contexts. The results reinforce the role played by sport supply and sport funding in some sports participation levels, offering interesting implications for sport policy. The urban environment, for example, appears to be positively related to the transition from informal to formal sport participation. The distinct analyses of the sports participation contexts provide the opportunity to evaluate ways of boosting participation as well as to suggest some interesting policy implications towards this aim. For example, sporting infrastructure is only influential for the transition from non-participation to formal participation, implying that in general the key question about sport funding and supply is not the amount of funds but rather the direction and aims of sport policy. Finally, the article offers some explanations about the gender inequality detected in some forms of sports participation.
Open Access
Práctica deportiva y políticas públicas en el deporte en España
(FUNCAS, 2019) Lera López, Fernando; Suárez Fernández, María José; Economía; Ekonomia
El objetivo del artículo es ofrecer una panorámica de la evolución reciente y de las variables asociadas a la práctica deportiva en España, así como de las políticas públicas que se han desarrollado en materia deportiva. El artículo se estructura en tres partes. En primer lugar, se hace un análisis descriptivo de la evolución de los hábitos deportivos en España durante las últimas décadas. En segundo lugar, se efectúa una revisión de la literatura económica relativa a los factores asociados a la realización de deporte por la población española. Además, se lleva a cabo un análisis econométrico de la probabilidad de practicar deporte de forma regular, empleando las cuatro últimas Encuestas de hábitos deportivos, correspondientes a los años 2000, 2005, 2010 y 2015. De esta forma se puede determinar si ha habido cambios en la importancia relativa de las variables relacionadas con la práctica deportiva. En tercer lugar, se describe la estructura de las políticas de fomento del deporte en España y se revisa la evolución reciente del gasto público en esta materia, tanto a nivel nacional como según el tipo de administración.