Person:
Arocena Garro, Pablo

Last Name

Arocena Garro

First Name

Pablo

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Gestión de Empresas

ORCID

0000-0002-4035-4597

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365

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Measuring and decomposing productivity change in the presence of mergers
(Elsevier, 2020) Arocena Garro, Pablo; Saal, David S.; Urakami, Takuya; Zschille, Michael; Enpresen Kudeaketa; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Gestión de Empresas
Managers and policymakers often encourage mergers and acquisitions of companies with the aim of increasing the productivity of the involved firms. However, problems with the measurement of productivity change usually occur when analyzing companies that merged during the period under consideration: while only individual predecessor firms exist in the base period, in the following period only the integrated company is observable. We therefore propose a new adaptation of the Malmquist index that is appropriate in the presence of mergers, which also allows for a detailed analysis of their effects on productivity change. Moreover, we believe that our methodological approach provides a useful widely applicable tool to identify the contribution of past mergers to productivity growth. We illustrate our merger consistent productivity decomposition, by using a sample of Japanese water supply systems observed in 2003, and the resulting consolidated and non-consolidated systems observed in 2009. On average, we find that mergers contributed positively to productivity change and that our merger consistent decomposition contributes to a better understanding of the determinants of productivity performance in the Japanese water sector.
Open Access
Siniestralidad laboral, crecimiento económico y peligrosidad objetiva en la industria, construcción y servicios en Navarra (1991-2001)
(Gobierno de Navarra, Departamento de Economía y Hacienda, 2003) Arocena Garro, Pablo; Núñez Aldaz, Imanol; Gestión de Empresas; Enpresen Kudeaketa
Este trabajo analiza el efecto del crecimiento económico sobre la siniestralidad laboral, así como la medida en que la aprobación de la Ley de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales ha contribuido a reducir la peligrosidad objetiva en los sectores de la industria, construcción y servicios a lo largo de la década 1991-2001. Nuestros resultados muestran que existen diferencias significativas en la evolución de la siniestralidad y de la peligrosidad objetiva entre Navarra y el conjunto del estado, así como entre el periodo anterior y posterior a la aprobación de la Ley. En particular, el crecimiento económico en Navarra ha sido menos intensivo en siniestralidad que la economía española, al tiempo que la tasa de reducción de la peligrosidad objetiva desde 1996 es mayor que en el resto del estado.
Open Access
Estimating economies of scale and scope with flexible technology
(Springer, 2016) Triebs, Thomas P.; Saal, David S.; Arocena Garro, Pablo; Kumbhakar, Subal C.; Gestión de Empresas; Enpresen Kudeaketa
Economies of scope are typically modelled and estimated using a cost function that is common to all firms in an industry irrespective of their type, e.g. whether they specialize in a single output or produce multiple outputs. Instead, we estimate a flexible technology model that allows for type-specific technologies and show how it can be estimated using linear parametric forms including the translog. A common technology remains a special case of our model and is testable econometrically. Our sample, of publicly owned US electric utilities, does not support a common technology for integrated and specialized firms. Our empirical results therefore suggest that assuming a common technology might bias estimates of economies of scale and scope. Thus, how we model the production technology clearly influences the policy conclusions we draw from its characteristics.
Open Access
La evolución de los costes energéticos y su efecto en la competitividad de la industria española
(Ministerio de Industria, Energía y Turismo, 2015) Arocena Garro, Pablo; Díaz Mendoza, Ana Carmen; Gestión de Empresas; Enpresen Kudeaketa
Este trabajo tiene como objetivo principal analizar los gastos energéticos del sector manufacturero español y como fin último ofrecer una imagen de la posición relativa de los costes energéticos de la industria española y su evolución a lo largo de la última década. En particular, se persigue cuantificar cuánto de importantes son los costes de la energía para las empresas industriales, en qué subsectores industriales es más relevante el gasto energético, y si este es más alto o más bajo que el soportado por las empresas que operan en otros países.
Open Access
A centralized directional distance model for efficient and horizontally equitable grants allocation to local governments
(Elsevier, 2022) Arocena Garro, Pablo; Cabasés Hita, Fermín; Pascual Arzoz, Pedro; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE
This paper proposes a directional distance model for efficient resource allocation when there is a centralized decision maker who oversees all units. The model is designed to allocate grants from an upper-tier government to the municipalities under its jurisdiction. Local governments employ the grants together with levied local taxes to provide services to their citizens. The objective of our formulation is to optimize grants allocation across municipalities taking into account efficiency, effectiveness and horizontal fiscal equity criteria. The model easily allows the setting of alternative priorities of the central decision maker, thus permitting quantification of the trade-off between the potential increase in the provision of local services and its associated cost. The model is applied to the allocation of current grants in the autonomous community of Navarre in northern Spain.
Open Access
The impact of ISO 14001 on firm environmental and economic performance: the moderating role of size and environmental awareness
(Wiley, 2020) Arocena Garro, Pablo; Orcos Sánchez, Raquel; Zouaghi, Ferdaous; Enpresen Kudeaketa; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Gestión de Empresas
This paper analyzes the impact of adopting the ISO 14001 standard on firm environmental and economic performance. In particular, it is argued that the degree of environmental awareness of the society (EAS) and firm size are two factors moderating the effect of ISO 14001 on firm performance. A number of hypotheses are formulated and empirically tested on an international sample of 583 listed companies in 46 countries over the period of 2009–2018. The findings show that (i) ISO 14001 adoption contributes to reducing firm carbon emission intensity and increasing firm profitability; (ii) the impact of ISO14001 on profitability is greater for companies from countries with high EAS and for larger firms; and (iii) the impact of ISO 14001 on carbon intensity is greater for headquartered in countries with low EAS. Managerial and policy implications resulting from the widespread adoption of certifiable environmental standards are also discussed.
Open Access
The scope of implementation of ISO 14001 by multinational enterprises: the role of liabilities of origin
(Elsevier, 2023) Arocena Garro, Pablo; Orcos Sánchez, Raquel; Zouaghi, Ferdaous; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE
This research contends that MNEs from polluting and emerging countries are subject to liabilities of origin that compel them to signal that they differ from the stereotypes of their home countries to attain environmental legitimacy. ISO 14001 adoption, which signals a commitment to environmental protection, may help MNEs from polluting and emerging countries overcome their legitimacy deficits. The wider the scope of ISO 14001 adoption, the greater its power to signal environmental awareness, and therefore, the greater its efficacy in counteracting liabilities of origin. Accordingly, this research proposes that the scope of ISO 14001 adoption by MNEs from the considered countries is wider than that of MNEs that are not subject to liabilities of origin. This contention is tested in a multisector sample of 733 MNEs over the period 2002–2019.
Open Access
Automotive fuel prices at branded and unbranded service stations: differences in the impact of seller density, brand concentration and search costs
(Taylor and Francis Group, 2023) Arocena Garro, Pablo; Bello Pintado, Alejandro; Contín Pilart, Ignacio; Gestión de Empresas; Enpresen Kudeaketa; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
This paper analyses the impact of local competition on gasoline and diesel pricing at branded and unbranded independent service stations. Based on our theory-driven discussion we derive a number of hypotheses, which are empirically tested on a sample of service stations in Spain. In Spain, retail prices of motor fuels have been under the spotlight since the dismantling of the state monopoly in the 1990s. The concentration of the retail market and the behavior of the main oil operators are of constant concern to the competition authorities. Our empirical analysis provides evidence for the existence of different competitive dynamics between branded and unbranded stations, and between gasoline and diesel retail pricing. Specifically, the results show that (i) fuel prices at branded (unbranded) service station are positively (negatively) associated with the number of stations operating in the same local market, (ii) prices of both motor fuels at a branded station are higher the larger the share of stations carrying the same brand in its local market, (iii) diesel price at an unbranded station is lower the larger the share of unbranded stations in its local market, and (iv) unbranded service stations undercut the price of diesel more than that of gasoline compared with prices at branded stations.
Open Access
La eficiencia energética, el efecto rebote y el crecimiento económico
(Funcas, 2016) Gómez Gómez-Plana, Antonio; Arocena Garro, Pablo; Peña Vidondo, Sofía; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE
El trabajo revisa la relación entre la mejora de la eficiencia energética y el efecto rebote, así como el impacto que cabe anticipar sobre el consumo de energía y el crecimiento en la economía española.
Open Access
Energy-socio-economic-environmental modelling for the EU energy and post-COVID-19 transitions
(Elsevier, 2022) Cazcarro, Ignacio; García-Gusano, Diego; Iribarren, Diego; Linares, Pedro; Romero, José Carlos; Arocena Garro, Pablo; Arto, Iñaki; Banacloche, Santacruz; Lechón, Yolanda; Miguel, Luis Javier; Zafrilla, Jorge; López, Luis Antonio; Langarita, Raquel; Cadarso, María Angeles; Enpresen Kudeaketa; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Gestión de Empresas
Relevant energy questions have arisen because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic shock leads to emissions' reductions consistent with the rates of decrease required to achieve the Paris Agreement goals. Those unforeseen drastic reductions in emissions are temporary as long as they do not involve structural changes. However, the COVID-19 consequences and the subsequent policy response will affect the economy for decades. Focusing on the EU, this discussion article argues how recovery plans are an opportunity to deepen the way towards a low-carbon economy, improving at the same time employment, health, and equity and the role of modelling tools. Long-term alignment with the low-carbon path and the development of a resilient transition towards renewable sources should guide instruments and policies, conditioning aid to energy-intensive sectors such as transport, tourism, and the automotive industry. However, the potential dangers of short-termism and carbon leakage persist. The current energy-socio-economic-environmental modelling tools are precious to widen the scope and deal with these complex problems. The scientific community has to assess disparate, non-equilibrium, and non-ordinary scenarios, such as sectors and countries lockdowns, drastic changes in con sumption patterns, significant investments in renewable energies, and disruptive technologies and incorporate uncertainty analysis. All these instruments will evaluate the cost-effectiveness of decarbonization options and potential consequences on employment, income distribution, and vulnerability.