Open Access
Steering surface plasmons with a graded index dielectric medium
(IOP Publishing, 2018) Beruete Díaz, Miguel; Pacheco-Peña, Víctor; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación
The arbitrary control of surface plasmon (SP) propagation has become an intense research topic for several decades. This is due to the fact that they can be used in a variety of fields such as optical trapping, nanoantennas and medical applications. In this communication, the graded index technique is applied in the design of several steerers able to tailor the direction of propagation of the incident SPs by simply changing the height of a dielectric block on top of a semi?infinite metal slab. The design procedure is shown and the structures are numerically evaluated demonstrating a good agreement with the analytical calculations, with the SPs deflected at the design angles (θ ranging from 10° to 60°) with a wide bandwidth steering of 60 nm around the design value (633 nm)
Open Access
Photonic nanojets with mesoscale high-index dielectric particles
(AIP Publishing, 2019) Pacheco-Peña, Víctor; Beruete Díaz, Miguel; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación
In this work, we demonstrate the ability of high-index dielectric particles immersed in air to generate photonic nanojets with extreme resolution (∼0.06λ0). Both 2D (cylindrical) and 3D (spherical) particles are analyzed, and their profile is truncated using the Weierstrass formulation for solid immersion lenses to produce a photonic nanojet at the output surface under plane wave illumination. Their focusing capability is evaluated in terms of the spatial resolution achieving subwavelength values of ∼0.14λ0 and ∼0.06λ0 for a truncated cylinder and sphere, respectively. The capability of the truncated sphere to enhance the backscattering produced by two small metallic spherical scatterers placed near the photonic nanojet is evaluated by using a scanning-probe microscopy configuration. The imaging capabilities of this technique are also analyzed by moving the metallic spheres in the transversal plane where the photonic nanojet is produced. The results presented here improve greatly the typical resolution of photonic nanojets generated with dielectric particles with a small index contrast. In addition, the high-index material allows using mesoscale particles, leading to a more compact setup. These results may find applications in areas such as microscopy, imaging, and sensing devices where a subwavelength resolution below the diffraction limit is needed.
Open Access
All-metallic ε-near-zero (ENZ) lens based on ultra-narrow hollow rectangular waveguides: experimental results
(IEEE, 2014) Orazbayev, Bakhtiyar; Torres Landívar, Víctor; Pacheco-Peña, Víctor; Falcone Lanas, Francisco; Teniente Vallinas, Jorge; Beruete Díaz, Miguel; Sorolla Ayza, Mario; Navarro Cía, Miguel; Engheta, Nader; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Here we perform numerical and experimental investigation of plano-concave all-metallic ε-near-zero (ENZ) lens with operational frequency f = 144 GHz. The ENZ lens is achieved by stacking an array of narrow hollow rectangular waveguides working near cut-off frequency. Focusing and radiation properties are numerically analyzed and measured. The enhancement of 5.61 dB and directivity of 17.6 dBi are shown. Good agreement between experimental and numerical results is demonstrated.
Open Access
On the performance of an ENZ-based sensor using transmission line theory and effective medium approach
(IOP Publishing, 2019) Pacheco-Peña, Víctor; Beruete Díaz, Miguel; Rodríguez Ulibarri, Pablo; Engheta, Nader; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación
In this paper we perform an in-depth theoretical studyofa sensing platform based on epsilon-near- zero (ENZ) metamaterials. The structure proposed for sensing is a narrow metallic waveguide channel. An equivalent circuit model is rigorouslydeduced using transmission line theory, considering several configurations for a dielectric body (analyte sample) inserted within the narrow channel, showing good agreement with results obtained from numerical simulations. The transmission line model is able to reproduce even the most peculiar details ofthe sensing platform response. Its performance is then evaluated byvarying systematically the size, position and permittivity ofthe analyte, and height ofthe ENZ channel. It is shown that the sensor is capable ofdetecting changes in the permittivity/ refractive index or position even with deeplysubwavelength analyte sizes (∼0.05λ0), giving a sensitivity up to 0.03m/RIU and a figure ofMerit∼25. The effective medium approach is evaluated by treating the inhomogeneous cross-section ofthe analyte as a transmission line filled with a homogeneous material.
Open Access
On the performance of the zoned fishnet metamaterial lens with positive and negative reference phase
(IEEE, 2016) Pacheco-Peña, Víctor; Minin, Igor V.; Minin, Oleg V.; Beruete Díaz, Miguel; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica
In this letter, several converging fishnet metalenses are designed using both the zoning and reference phase techniques. They are engineered with a focal length of 1.5λ0 at the design frequency of 55 GHz (λ0 = 5.45 mm) at which the fishnet metamaterial has an effective refractive index of nlens = ∼0.68. Three metalenses are analyzed—with positive, negative, and without reference phase—in order to compare their performance. The focal properties are evaluated both numerically and experimentally, demonstrating a good agreement between them. The best performance is achieved for the zoned metalens with positive reference phase,with an experimental power enhancement at the focal length of 6.2 dB, better axial resolution (0.65λ0 ), and reduced lateral lobes compared to other designs
Open Access
Zoned fishnet lens antenna with reference phase for side lobe reduction
(IEEE, 2015) Pacheco-Peña, Víctor; Navarro Cía, Miguel; Orazbayev, Bakhtiyar; Minin, Igor V.; Minin, Oleg V.; Beruete Díaz, Miguel; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa
Reduction of first side lobe level and nulls in artificial fishnet metalenses is accomplished here by applying the reference phase concept along with the zoning technique. Higher focusing efficiency is achieved for a specific reference phase when comparing numerically and experimentally four different designs. For such best design, an improvement of the first side lobe level (2.4 dB), first null (13 dB) and gain (1.77dB) is achieved experimentally compared to the design without reference phase.
Open Access
Phase reversal technique applied to fishnet metalenses
(Hindawi, 2018) Pacheco-Peña, Víctor; Minin, Igor V.; Minin, Oleg V.; Beruete Díaz, Miguel; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica
In this work, the fishnet metamaterial is applied to several converging metalenses by combining the zoning, reference phase, and phase reversal techniques. First, the zoning and reference phase techniques are implemented in several metalenses at 55 GHz ( λ 0 = 5.45 m m ) with a short focal length of 1.5 λ 0 . Then, the phase reversal technique is applied to these metalenses by switching from a concave to a convex profile in order to change the phase distribution inside of them. The designs are evaluated both numerically and experimentally demonstrating that chromatic dispersion (the shift of the position of the focus at different frequencies) is reduced when using the phase-reversed profiles. It is shown how the position of the focus remains at the same location within a relatively broadband frequency range of ~4% around the design frequency without affecting the overall behaviour of the metalenses. The best performance is achieved with the design that combines both reference phase and phase reversal techniques, with an experimental position of the focus of 1.75 λ 0 , reduced side lobes, and a power enhancement of 6.5 dB. The metalenses designed here may find applications in situations where a wideband response and low side lobes are required because of the reduced chromatic aberrations of the focus.
Open Access
Controlling the direction of propagation of surface plasmons via graded index effective dielectric media
(IEEE, 2019) Pacheco-Peña, Víctor; Beruete Díaz, Miguel; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC
In this work, we propose a mechanism to steer and tailor surface plasmon propagation by using graded index concepts. In this approach, a block of dielectric with fixed thickness is placed on top of a semi-infinite metal. The beam steerers are then designed by simply changing the height of the dielectric in the direction perpendicular to the propagation axis. The analytical design is presented and several structures are evaluated with the ability to steer the incoming surface plasmons at any desired output angle.
Open Access
Ultra-compact planoconcave zoned metallic lens based on the fishnet metamaterial
(AIP Publishing, 2013) Pacheco-Peña, Víctor; Orazbayev, Bakhtiyar; Torres Landívar, Víctor; Beruete Díaz, Miguel; Navarro Cía, Miguel; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
A 1.5λ0 -thick planoconcave zoned lens based on the fishnet metamaterial is demonstrated experimentally at millimeter wavelengths. The zoning technique applied allows a volume reduction of 60% compared to a full fishnet metamaterial lens without any deterioration in performance. The structure is designed to exhibit an effective refractive index n = -0.25 at f = 56.7GHz (λ0 = 5.29 mm) with a focal length FL = 47.62 mm = 9λ0. The experimental enhancement achieved is 11.1dB, which is in good agreement with simulation and also with previous full fishnet metamaterial lenses and opens the door for integrated solutions.
Open Access
Overcoming the diffraction limit with high-index dielectric particles
(IEEE, 2019) Pacheco-Peña, Víctor; Beruete Díaz, Miguel; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC
In this communication, we propose and demonstrate the ability to produce photonic nanojets using high refractive index dielectric particles immersed in air. An extremely narrow focus is produced just at the output surface of the proposed 2D and 3D particles with a spatial resolution of similar to 0.14 lambda(0) and similar to 0.06 lambda(0), respectively. In addition to the focusing performance, the imaging capabilities is also studied by introducing metallic spheres within the region of the photonic nanojet demonstrating that distances between objects as small as similar to 0.06 lambda(0) can be distinguished with the proposed structures.