Open Access
Reproducibility of the energy metabolism response to an oral glucose tolerance test: influence of a postcalorimetric correction procedure
(Springer, 2022) Alcántara Alcántara, Juan Manuel; Sánchez Delgado, Guillermo; Jurado Fasoli, Lucas; Galgani, José E.; Labayen Goñi, Idoia; Ruiz, Jonatan R.; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD
Purpose Metabolic fexibility (MetF), which is a surrogate of metabolic health, can be assessed by the change in the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in response to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). We aimed to determine the day-to-day reproducibility of the energy expenditure (EE) and RER response to an OGTT, and whether a simulation-based postcalorimetric correction of metabolic cart readouts improves day-to-day reproducibility. Methods The EE was assessed (12 young adults, 6 women, 27±2 years old) using an Omnical metabolic cart (Maastricht Instruments, Maastricht, The Netherlands) after an overnight fast (12 h) and after a 75-g oral glucose dose on 2 separate days (48 h). On both days, we assessed EE in 7 periods (one 30-min baseline and six 15-min postprandial). The ICcE was performed immediately after each recording period, and capillary glucose concentration (using a digital glucometer) was determined. Results We observed a high day-to-day reproducibility for the assessed RER (coefcients of variation [CV]<4%) and EE (CVs<9%) in the 7 diferent periods. In contrast, the RER and EE areas under the curve showed a low day-to-day reproducibility (CV=22% and 56%, respectively). Contrary to our expectations, the postcalorimetric correction procedure did not infuence the day-to-day reproducibility of the energy metabolism response, possibly because the Omnical’s accuracy was~100%. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that the energy metabolism response to an OGTT is poorly reproducible (CVs>20%) even using a very accurate metabolic cart. Furthermore, the postcalorimetric correction procedure did not infuence the day-to-day reproducibility. Trial registration NCT04320433; March 25, 2020.
Open Access
Energy expenditure and macronutrient oxidation in response to an individualized nonshivering cooling protocol
(Wiley, 2020) Sánchez Delgado, Guillermo; Alcántara Alcántara, Juan Manuel; Acosta, Francisco M.; Martínez Téllez, Borja; Amaro Gahete, Francisco J.; Merchán Ramírez, Elisa; Löf, Marie; Labayen Goñi, Idoia; Ravussin, Eric; Ruiz, Jonatan R.; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD
Objective This study aimed to describe the energy expenditure (EE) and macronutrient oxidation response to an individualized nonshivering cold exposure in young healthy adults. Methods Two different groups of 44 (study 1: 22.1 [SD 2.1] years old, 25.6 [SD 5.2] kg/m(2), 34% men) and 13 young healthy adults (study 2: 25.6 [SD 3.0] years old, 23.6 [SD 2.4] kg/m(2), 54% men) participated in this study. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and macronutrient oxidation rates were measured by indirect calorimetry under fasting conditions in a warm environment (for 30 minutes) and in mild cold conditions (for 65 minutes, with the individual wearing a water-perfused cooling vest set at an individualized temperature adjusted to the individual's shivering threshold). Results In study 1, EE increased in the initial stage of cold exposure and remained stable for the whole cold exposure (P < 0.001). Mean cold-induced thermogenesis (9.56 +/- 7.9 kcal/h) was 13.9% +/- 11.6% of the RMR (range: -14.8% to 39.9% of the RMR). Carbohydrate oxidation decreased during the first 30 minutes of the cold exposure and later recovered up to the baseline values (P < 0.01) in parallel to opposite changes in fat oxidation (P < 0.01). Results were replicated in study 2. Conclusions A 1-hour mild cold exposure individually adjusted to elicit maximum nonshivering thermogenesis induces a very modest increase in EE and a shift of macronutrient oxidation that may underlie a shift in thermogenic tissue activity.
Open Access
Adults with metabolically healthy overweight or obesity present more brown adipose tissue and higher thermogenesis than their metabolically unhealthy counterparts
(Elsevier, 2024) Jurado Fasoli, Lucas; Sánchez Delgado, Guillermo; Alcántara Alcántara, Juan Manuel; Acosta, Francisco M.; Sánchez Sánchez, Rocío; Labayen Goñi, Idoia; Ortega, Francisco B.; Martínez Téllez, Borja; Ruiz, Jonatan R.; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD
Background: There is a subset of individuals with overweight/obesity characterized by a lower risk of cardiometabolic complications, the so-called metabolically healthy overweight/obesity (MHOO) phenotype. Despite the relatively higher levels of subcutaneous adipose tissue and lower visceral adipose tissue observed in individuals with MHOO than individuals with metabolically unhealthy overweight/obesity (MUOO), little is known about the differences in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Methods: This study included 53 young adults (28 women) with a body mass index (BMI) ¿25 kg/m2 which were classified as MHOO (n = 34) or MUOO (n = 19). BAT was assessed through a static 18F-FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan after a 2-h personalized cooling protocol. Energy expenditure, skin temperature, and thermal perception were assessed during a standardized mixed meal test (3.5 h) and a 1-h personalized cold exposure. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, energy intake was determined during an ad libitum meal test and dietary recalls, and physical activity levels were determined by a wrist-worn accelerometer. Findings: Participants with MHOO presented higher BAT volume (+124%, P = 0.008), SUVmean (+63%, P = 0.001), and SUVpeak (+133%, P = 0.003) than MUOO, despite having similar BAT mean radiodensity (P = 0.354). In addition, individuals with MHOO exhibited marginally higher meal-induced thermogenesis (P = 0.096) and cold-induced thermogenesis (+158%, P = 0.050). Moreover, MHOO participants showed higher supraclavicular skin temperature than MUOO during the first hour of the postprandial period and during the cold exposure, while no statistically significant differences were observed in other skin temperature parameters. We observed no statistically significant differences between MHOO and MUOO in thermal perception, body composition, outdoor ambient temperature exposure, resting metabolic rate, energy intake, or physical activity levels. Interpretation: Adults with MHOO present higher BAT volume and activity than MUOO. The higher meal- and cold-induced thermogenesis and cold-induced supraclavicular skin temperature are compatible with a higher BAT activity. Overall, these results suggest that BAT presence and activity might be linked to a healthier phenotype in young adults with overweight or obesity.
Open Access
Impact of methods for data selection on the day-to-day reproducibility of resting metabolic rate assessed with four different metabolic carts
(Elsevier, 2023) Alcántara Alcántara, Juan Manuel; Jurado Fasoli, Lucas; Dote-Montero, Manuel; Merchán Ramírez, Elisa; Amaro Gahete, Francisco J.; Labayen Goñi, Idoia; Ruiz, Jonatan R.; Sánchez Delgado, Guillermo; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD
Background and aims: Accomplishing a high day-to-day reproducibility is important to detect changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) that may be produced after an intervention or for monitoring patients’ metabolism over time. We aimed to analyze: (i) the influence of different methods for selecting indirect calorimetry data on RMR and RER assessments; and, (ii) whether these methods influence RMR and RER day-to-day reproducibility. Methods and results: Twenty-eight young adults accomplished 4 consecutive RMR assessments (30-min each), using the Q-NRG (Cosmed, Rome, Italy), the Vyntus CPX (Jaeger-CareFusion, Höchberg, Germany), the Omnical (Maastricht Instruments, Maastricht, The Netherlands), and the Ultima CardiO2 (Medgraphics Corporation, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA) carts, on 2 consecutive mornings. Three types of methods were used: (i) short (periods of 5 consecutive minutes; 6e10, 11e15, 16e20, 21e25, and 26e30 min) and long time intervals (TI) methods (6e25 and 6 e30 min); (ii) steady state (SSt methods); and, (iii) methods filtering the data by thresholding from the mean RMR (filtering methods). RMR and RER were similar when using different methods (except RMR for the Vyntus and RER for the Q-NRG). Conversely, using different methods impacted RMR (all P 0.037) and/or RER (P 0.009) day-to-day reproducibility in all carts. The 6e25 min and the 6e30 min long TI methods yielded more reproducible measurements for all metabolic carts. Conclusion: The 6e25 min and 6e30 min should be the preferred methods for selecting data, as they result in the highest day-to-day reproducibility of RMR and RER assessments.
Open Access
Energy expenditure differences across lying, sitting, and standing positions in young healthy adults
(PLoS, 2019) Amaro Gahete, Francisco J.; Sánchez Delgado, Guillermo; Alcántara Alcántara, Juan Manuel; Martínez Téllez, Borja; Acosta, Francisco M.; Merchán Ramírez, Elisa; Löf, Marie; Labayen Goñi, Idoia; Ruiz, Jonatan R.; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak
The time spent in sedentary behaviour represents an important public health burden. To reduce sedentary time in the general population, the simplest, most effective, and most accessible method is to decrease lying and sitting time. We aimed to compare differences on energy expenditure (EE) across lying, sitting, and standing positions; and to analyse the associations between the change on EE of changing from one position to another and anthropometric and body composition parameters in young healthy adults. A total of 55 (69% women) young healthy adults aged 21.7 ± 2.2 participated in the study. We measured EE by indirect calorimetry across lying, sitting, and standing positions following the standard procedures. The EE was significantly higher in standing than in both lying and sitting positions (mean difference: 0.121±0.292 and 0.125±0.241 kcal/min, respectively; all P<0.001), and no differences were observed between lying and sitting positions (P = 1.000). There was a negative association between the EE differences in sitting vs. standing position and lean body mass (P = 0.048), yet no associations between EE differences with the rest of the anthropometric and body composition parameters were observed in each position pair studied (all P>0.321). Our findings support the fact that increasing the time spent standing could be a simple strategy to slightly increase EE. Therefore, our results have important clinical implications including a better monitoring, characterizing, and promoting countermeasures to sedentariness through low-level physical activities.
Open Access
Reliability of resting metabolic rate measurements in young adults: impact of methods for data analysis
(Elsevier, 2018) Sánchez Delgado, Guillermo; Alcántara Alcántara, Juan Manuel; Ortiz Álvarez, Lourdes; Xu, Huiwen; Martínez Téllez, Borja; Labayen Goñi, Idoia; Ruiz, Jonatan R.; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak
Background and aims: a high inter-day reliability is a key factor to analyze the magnitude of change in resting metabolic rate (RMR) after an intervention, and the impact of using different methods for data analysis is not known. The aims of this study were: i) to analyze the impact of methods for data analysis on RMR and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) estimation; ii) to analyze the impact of methods for data analysis on inter-day RMR and RER reliability; iii) to compare inter-day RMR and RER reliability across methods for data analysis in participants who achieved steady state (SS) vs. participants who did not achieve SS. Methods: Seventeen young healthy adults completed two 30-min indirect calorimetry (IC) measures on two consecutive mornings, using two metabolic carts each day. Two methods for data analysis were used: i) Selection of a predefined time interval (TI) every 5 min (1-5 min, 6-10 min, 11-15 min, 16-20 min, 21-25 min, 26-30 min); and TI representing the whole measurement period (0-30 min, 5-30 min, 5-25 min); and ii) Methods based on the selection of the most stable period (SSt methods) (3 min SSt, 4 min SSt, 5 min SSt, 10 min SSt). Additionally, participants were classified as those achieving SS (CV < 10% for VO2, VCO2 and VE, and CV < 5% for RER) and those who did not. Results: RMR and RER measurements were lower when following SSt methods than when following TI methods (all P < 0.01). Although no significant differences were found between different lengths of SSt, 5 min SSt presented the lowest RMR. There were no differences on the inter-day reliability across methods for data analysis (TI and SSt) (all P > 0.2), and there was no systematic bias when comparing RMR and RER day 1 and day 2 measurements (all P > 0.1). Inter-day reliability was similar in individuals who achieved the SS and individuals who did not achieve it. The results were consistent independently of the metabolic cart used. Conclusions: The 5 min SSt approach should be the method of choice for analyzing IC measures with metabolic carts. However, achieving SS should not be an inclusion criterion in an IC study with young healthy adults.
Open Access
Impact of cow's milk intake on exercise performance and recovery of muscle function: a systematic review
(BMC, 2019) Alcántara Alcántara, Juan Manuel; Sánchez Delgado, Guillermo; Martínez Téllez, Borja; Labayen Goñi, Idoia; Ruiz, Jonatan R.; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD
Dairy products are thought to improve recovery after both resistance and endurance exercises due to their nutritional proprieties. We systematically reviewed the effects of dairy product intake on exercise performance and recovery of muscle function in humans. A literature search was conducted in the MEDLINE (via PubMed) and Web of Science databases from their inception to 15th April 2018. The initial search retrieved 7708 articles, and a total of 11 studies were finally included after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. All the selected studies were conducted with cow's milk. Whereas some studies found significant positive effect of cow's milk on exercise performance and recovery of muscle function, others did not find any effect. These controversies could be due to the heterogeneity of cow's milk ingestion (e.g., amount of cow's milk, timing of consuming the cow's milk), to the type of intervention, and to the large heterogeneity of outcomes measured. Limited studies exist examining the effects of cow's milk consumption and its influence on exercise performance and recovery of muscle function, therefore further studies are needed to draw more definitive conclusions.
Open Access
Congruent validity of resting energy expenditure predictive equations in young adults
(MDPI, 2019) Amaro Gahete, Francisco J.; Sánchez Delgado, Guillermo; Alcántara Alcántara, Juan Manuel; Martínez Téllez, Borja; Muñoz-Hernández, Victoria; Merchán Ramírez, Elisa; Löf, Marie; Labayen Goñi, Idoia; Ruiz, Jonatan R.; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD
Having valid and reliable resting energy expenditure (REE) estimations is crucial to establish reachable goals for dietary and exercise interventions. However, most of the REE predictive equations were developed some time ago and, as the body composition of the current population has changed, it is highly relevant to assess the validity of REE predictive equations in contemporary young adults. In addition, little is known about the role of sex and weight status on the validity of these predictive equations. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of sex and weight status in congruent validity of REE predictive equations in young adults. A total of 132 young healthy adults (67.4% women, 18⁻26 years old) participated in the study. We measured REE by indirect calorimetry strictly following the standard procedures, and we compared it to 45 predictive equations. The most accurate equations were the following: (i) the Schofield and the "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization/United Nations" (FAO/WHO/UNU) equations in normal weight men; (ii) the Mifflin and FAO/WHO/UNU equations in normal weight women; (iii) the Livingston and Korth equations in overweight men; (iv) the Johnstone and Frankenfield equations in overweight women; (v) the Owen and Bernstein equations in obese men; and (vi) the Owen equation in obese women. In conclusion, the results of this study show that the best equation to estimate REE depends on sex and weight status in young healthy adults.
Open Access
No evidence of brown adipose tissue activation after 24 weeks of supervised exercise training in young sedentary adults in the ACTIBATE randomized controlled trial
(Nature Research, 2022) Martínez Téllez, Borja; Sánchez Delgado, Guillermo; Acosta, Francisco M.; Alcántara Alcántara, Juan Manuel; Amaro Gahete, Francisco J.; Martínez Ávila, Wendy D.; Merchán Ramírez, Elisa; Muñoz-Hernández, Victoria; Osuna Prieto, Francisco J.; Jurado Fasoli, Lucas; Xu, Huiwen; Ortiz Álvarez, Lourdes; Arias Téllez, María J.; Méndez Gutiérrez, Andrea; Labayen Goñi, Idoia; Ortega, Francisco B.; Schönke, Milena; Rensen, Patrick C. N; Aguilera, Concepción María; Llamas Elvira, José M.; Gil, Ángel; Ruiz, Jonatan R.; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD
Exercise modulates both brown adipose tissue (BAT) metabolism and white adipose tissue (WAT) browning in murine models. Whether this is true in humans, however, has remained unknown. An unblinded randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT02365129) was therefore conducted to study the effects of a 24-week supervised exercise intervention, combining endurance and resistance training, on BAT volume and activity (primary outcome). The study was carried out in the Sport and Health University Research Institute and the Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital of the University of Granada (Spain). One hundred and forty-five young sedentary adults were assigned to either (i) a control group (no exercise, n = 54), (ii) a moderate intensity exercise group (MOD-EX, n = 48), or (iii) a vigorous intensity exercise group (VIG-EX n = 43) by unrestricted randomization. No relevant adverse events were recorded. 97 participants (34 men, 63 women) were included in the final analysis (Control; n = 35, MOD-EX; n = 31, and VIG-EX; n = 31). We observed no changes in BAT volume (Δ Control: −22.2 ± 52.6 ml; Δ MOD-EX: −15.5 ± 62.1 ml, Δ VIG-EX: −6.8 ± 66.4 ml; P = 0.771) or 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake (SUVpeak Δ Control: −2.6 ± 3.1 ml; Δ MOD-EX: −1.2 ± 4.8, Δ VIG-EX: −2.2 ± 5.1; p = 0.476) in either the control or the exercise groups. Thus, we did not find any evidence of an exercise-induced change on BAT volume or activity in young sedentary adults.