Open Access
Filamentous fungi as biocontrol agents in olive (Olea europaea L.) diseases: mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi
(Elsevier, 2021) Poveda Arias, Jorge; Baptista, Paula; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB
Olive (Olea europaea) is a crop of great agronomic, economic and cultural interest for the Mediterranean Basin, although the increase in world demand for olive oil is expanding its cultivation by other countries in the southern hemisphere. The main olive pathogens include bacteria (Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi, Xylella fastidiosa), fungi (Colletotrichum spp., Verticillium dahliae, Fusarium spp. Rhizoctonia solani), oomycetes (Phytophthora spp.) and nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). To combat these pathogens, different biocontrol strategies have been developed with bacteria and yeasts, although its capacity for establishment in the field entails several difficulties. In this sense, filamentous fungi represent an efficient and effective alternative in the control of the different pathogens of the olive tree. The present review compiles all the studies existing so far in the biocontrol of these pathogens through the use of mycorrhizal and endophytic filamentous fungi, making a separate section for the genus Trichoderma due to the special interest that their use has generated. The mechanisms used by these fungi include competition for space and nutrients, parasitism, antibiosis or activation of the plant's defensive responses, among others.
Open Access
Combined use of Trichoderma and beneficial bacteria (mainly Bacillus and Pseudomonas): development of microbial synergistic bio-inoculants in sustainable agriculture
(Elsevier, 2022) Poveda Arias, Jorge; Eugui Arrizabalaga, Daniel; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura
Agriculture nowadays is facing many challenges, with among the most important to be able to feed the increasing human population through more sustainable and environmentally friendly production. In this context, the use of microorganisms has been extensively studied, both with fungi such as Trichoderma spp. and with bacteria, such as Bacillus spp. or Pseudomonas spp. While inoculation with these microorganisms has a positive effect on crops, their combination offers even greater potential as plant growth promoters and as biocontrol agents, with diverse mechanisms that are thoroughly considered in this review. Synergies between Trichoderma and bacteria cause more benefits than the sum of their parts, and this makes them a promising alternative for managing crops and controlling diseases or pests in modern agriculture. However, more studies are needed to determine the specific mechanisms of this synergistic effect in certain lines of research, since there is extensive data about their use as plant growth promoters or biocontrol agents against diseases and certain pests, but little or no information is available about their use against diseases caused by viruses or the effect on plant tolerance to abiotic stresses.
Open Access
First study on the root endophytic fungus Trichoderma hamatum as an entomopathogen: development of a fungal bioinsecticide against cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis)
(Elsevier, 2023) Lana, Maite; Simón de Goñi, Oihane; Velasco, Pablo; Rodríguez, Víctor Manuel; Caballero Murillo, Primitivo; Poveda Arias, Jorge; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Cotton leaf worm (Spodoptera littoralis) is a pest that produces important losses in horticultural and ornamental crops in greenhouse, being classified as quarantine pest A2 by EPPO. One of the strategies proposed to control agricultural pests in a health and environmentally friendly way is biological control with entomopathogenic fungi. The genus of filamentous fungi Trichoderma includes different species with direct (infection, antibiosis, anti-feeding, etc.) and indirect (systemic activation of plant defenses) insecticidal capacity, however, the species T. hamatum has never been described previously as entomopathogenic. In this work, the entomopathogenic capacity of T. hamatum on S. littoralis L3 larvae was analyzed by applying spores and fungal filtrates (topically and orally). Infection by spores was compared with the commercial entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, obtaining similar results with respect to the production of larval mortality. Oral application of spores reported high mortality and fungal colonization of larvae, however, T. hamatum did not show chitinase activity when grown in the presence of S. littoralis tissues. Therefore, infection of S. littoralis larvae by T. hamatum is through natural openings such as mouth, anus or spiracles. With respect to the application of filtrates, only those obtained from the liquid culture of T. hamatum in contact with S. littoralis tissues reported a significant reduction in larval growth. Metabolomic analysis of the filtrates determined that the filtrate with insecticidal capacity presented the siderophore rhizoferrin in large quantities, which could be responsible for this activity. However, the production of this siderophore had never been previously described in Trichoderma and its insecticidal capacity was unknown. In conclusion, T. hamatum presents entomopathogenic capacity against S. littoralis larvae through the application of spores and filtrates, and both ways could be the basis for the development of efficient bioinsecticides against the pest.
Open Access
Trichoderma hamatum increases productivity, glucosinolate content and antioxidant potential of different leafy Brassica vegetables
(MDPI, 2021) Velasco, Pablo; Rodríguez, Víctor Manuel; Soengas, Pilar; Poveda Arias, Jorge; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB
Brassica crops include important vegetables known as 'superfoods' due to the content of phytochemicals of great interest to human health, such as glucosinolates (GSLs) and antioxidant compounds. On the other hand, Trichoderma is a genus of filamentous fungi that includes several species described as biostimulants and/or biological control agents in agriculture. In a previous work, an endophytic strain of Trichoderma hamatum was isolated from kale roots (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), describing its ability to induce systemic resistance in its host plant. In the present work, some of the main leafy Brassica crops (kale, cabbage, leaf rape and turnip greens) have been root‐inoculated with T. hamatum, having the aim to verify the possible capacity of the fungus as a biostimulant in productivity as well as the foliar content of GSLs and its antioxidant potential, in order to improve these 'superfoods'. The results reported, for the first time, an increase in the productivity of kale (55%), cabbage (36%) and turnip greens (46%) by T. hamatum root inoculation. Furthermore, fungal inoculation reported a significant increase in the content of total GSLs in cabbage and turnip greens, mainly of the GSLs sinigrin and gluconapin, respectively, along with an increase in their antioxidant capacity. Therefore, T. hamatum could be a good agricultural biostimulant in leafy Brassica crops, increasing the content of GSLs and antioxidant potential of great food and health interest.

Poveda Arias, Jorge

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