Almagro Zabalza, Goizeder

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https://academica-e.unavarra.es/handle/2454/48499

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Almagro Zabalza

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Goizeder

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Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB)

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0000-0001-7035-9965

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9716

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Open Access
Identification, characterization and evolutionary history of the Escherichia coli glycogen operon
(2014) Almagro Zabalza, Goizeder; Pozueta Romero, Javier; Baroja Fernández, Edurne; Producción Agraria; Nekazaritza Ekoizpena
Representing one of the major storage carbohydrate in many bacteria, glycogen is a branched homopolysaccharide of α-1,4-linked glucose subunits with α-1,6-linked glucose at the branching points that accumulates under conditions of limiting growth when an excess of carbon is available and other nutrients are deficient. The exact role of this polyglucan in bacteria is not as clear-cut as in animal and yeast cells, but some studies have linked glycogen to extended bacterial survival, symbiotic performance, colonization and virulence. It is widely accepted that genes involved in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica glycogen metabolism are clustered in two tandemly arranged operons: glgBX (encompassing the genes coding for glycogen branching (GlgB) and debranching (GlgX) enzymes), and glgCAP (encoding the GlgC and GlgA anabolic enzymes, as well as the catabolic glycogen phosphorylase (GlgP)). However, the data regarding regulatory aspects of the expression of glycogen genes in E. coli are contradictory, thus questioning the presence of two operons. To get inshight into the trascriptional organization of glycogen genes, in the first chapter of this work I characterized glg genes transcription using RT (reverse transcriptase)-PCR approach. This analysisW revealed that E. coli cells possess transcripts comprising the five glgBXCAP genes. glg::lacZY expression analyses in cells lacking the region immediately upstream of the glgB gene revealed an almost total abolishment of glgB, glgX and glgC expression and a reduced expression of glgA and glgP. Similar type of analyses showed that glgA and glgP expression was almost totally abolished in cells lacking glgA upstream sequences, including glgC, glgB and the asd-glgB intergenic region upstream of glgB. All the data indicate that the five glgBXCAP genes are transcribed in a single transcriptional unit under the control of promoter sequences upstream of glgB and that an alternative suboperonic promoter driving glgA and glgP expression is located within glgC. Using computer searches for putative bacterial promoters and 5¿ RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) techniques I identified the -35 and -10 sequences of both promoters as well as the trasnscription start sites. Finally, I measured glg::lacZY expression on cells lacking the relA or phoP regulatory genes. These analyses indicated that both glgBXCAP operon and the suboperonic promoter form part of RelA and PhoP-PhoQ regulons. To gain insight into the origin and evolutionary history of E. coli glgBXCAP operon and of its constituent genes, in the second chapter of this work I carried out a detailed comparative analyses of presence, copy number and arrangement of glg genes in 265 gammaproteobacterial species. These analyses revealed the occurrence of large variations in glg homolog copy number and arrangements. Subsequently, I carried out a phylogenetic analysis of glg genes of selected Gammaproteobacteria and I also explored the phylogenetic relationships of gammaproteobacterial glg genes with those of representative species of the main bacterial groups. I found an important discrepancy between the evolution of glg genes and the order of organismal descent, inferred from 16S rRNA analysis, indicating that glg genes have undergone a complex evolutionary history in which horizontal gene transfer have played an important role. However, I detected a notable exception constituted by Enterobacteriales/Pasteurellales (E/P) glg genes which show a strict vertical inheritance. These analyses also revelaed that E/P glg genes are related with glg genes of phylogenetically distant betaproteobacterial species Varivorax paradoxus S110, Thiomonas intermedia K12, Lepthotrix cholodnii SP-6 and Thauera mz1t. The genomic context analysis indicated that the glgBXCAP arrangement is conserved in the E/P group and interestingly, that the above mentioned betaproteobacterial species possess glgBXCAP and/or gene clusters very similar to glgBXCAP. The overall data allowed me tracing the evolutionary origin of glgBXCAP operon in the last common ancestor of the E/P group and suggest a possible horizontal gene transfer event of the glgBXCAP cluster from the E/P group to Betaproteobacteria.
Open Access
Systematic production of inactivating and non-inactivating suppressor mutations at the relA locus that compensate the detrimental effects of complete spoT loss and affect glycogen content in Escherichia coli
(Public Library of Science, 2014) Montero Macarro, Manuel; Rahimpour, Mehdi; Viale Bailone, Alejandro M.; Almagro Zabalza, Goizeder; Eydallin, Gustavo; Sevilla, Ángel; Cánovas, Manuel; Bernal, Cristina; Lozano, Ana Belén; Muñoz Pérez, Francisco José; Baroja Fernández, Edurne; Bahaji, Abdellatif; Mori, Hirotada; Codoñer, Francisco M.; Pozueta Romero, Javier; IdAB. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología / Agrobioteknologiako Institutua; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
In Escherichia coli, ppGpp is a major determinant of growth and glycogen accumulation. Levels of this signaling nucleotide are controlled by the balanced activities of the ppGpp RelA synthetase and the dual-function hydrolase/synthetase SpoT. Here we report the construction of spoT null (DspoT) mutants obtained by transducing a DspoT allele from DrelADspoT double mutants into relA+ cells. Iodine staining of randomly selected transductants cultured on a rich complex medium revealed differences in glycogen content among them. Sequence and biochemical analyses of 8 DspoT clones displaying glycogen-deficient phenotypes revealed different inactivating mutations in relA and no detectable ppGpp when cells were cultured on a rich complex medium. Remarkably, although the co-existence of DspoT with relA proficient alleles has generally been considered synthetically lethal, we found that 11 DspoT clones displaying high glycogen phenotypes possessed relA mutant alleles with non-inactivating mutations that encoded stable RelA proteins and ppGpp contents reaching 45–85% of those of wild type cells. None of the DspoT clones, however, could grow on M9-glucose minimal medium. Both Sanger sequencing of specific genes and high-throughput genome sequencing of the DspoT clones revealed that suppressor mutations were restricted to the relA locus. The overall results (a) defined in around 4 nmoles ppGpp/g dry weight the threshold cellular levels that suffice to trigger net glycogen accumulation, (b) showed that mutations in relA, but not necessarily inactivating mutations, can be selected to compensate total SpoT function(s) loss, and (c) provided useful tools for studies of the in vivo regulation of E. coli RelA ppGpp synthetase.
Open Access
Arabidopsis responds to Alternaria alternata volatiles by triggering pPG-independent mechanisms
(American Society of Plant Biologists, 2016) Sánchez López, Ángela María; Bahaji, Abdellatif; Diego, Nuria de; Baslam, Marouane; Li, Jun; Muñoz Pérez, Francisco José; Almagro Zabalza, Goizeder; García Gómez, Pablo; Ameztoy del Amo, Kinia; Ricarte Bermejo, Adriana; Novák, Ondrej; Humplik, Jan F.; Spíchal, Lukás; Dolezal, Karel; Ciordia, Sergio; Mena, María Carmen; Navajas, Rosana; Baroja Fernández, Edurne; Pozueta Romero, Javier; IdAB. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología / Agrobioteknologiako Institutua; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua (IIM010491.RI1); Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Volatile compounds (VCs) emitted by phylogenetically diverse microorganisms (including plant pathogens and microbes that do not normally interact mutualistically with plants) promote photosynthesis, growth, and the accumulation of high levels of starch in leaves through cytokinin (CK)-regulated processes. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants not exposed to VCs, plastidic phosphoglucose isomerase (pPGI) acts as an important determinant of photosynthesis and growth, likely as a consequence of its involvement in the synthesis of plastidic CKs in roots. Moreover, this enzyme plays an important role in connecting the Calvin- Benson cycle with the starch biosynthetic pathway in leaves. To elucidate the mechanisms involved in the responses of plants to microbial VCs and to investigate the extent of pPGI involvement, we characterized pPGI-null pgi1-2 Arabidopsis plants cultured in the presence or absence of VCs emitted by Alternaria alternata. We found that volatile emissions from this fungal phytopathogen promote growth, photosynthesis, and the accumulation of plastidic CKs in pgi1-2 leaves. Notably, the mesophyll cells of pgi1-2 leaves accumulated exceptionally high levels of starch following VC exposure. Proteomic analyses revealed that VCs promote global changes in the expression of proteins involved in photosynthesis, starch metabolism, and growth that can account for the observed responses in pgi1-2 plants. The overall data show that Arabidopsis plants can respond to VCs emitted by phytopathogenic microorganisms by triggering pPGI-independent mechanisms.
Open Access
Genetic and isotope ratio mass spectrometric evidence for the occurrence of starch degradation and cycling in illuminated Arabidopsis leaves
(Public Library of Science, 2017) Baslam, Marouane; Baroja Fernández, Edurne; Ricarte Bermejo, Adriana; Sánchez López, Ángela María; Aranjuelo Michelena, Iker; Bahaji, Abdellatif; Muñoz Pérez, Francisco José; Almagro Zabalza, Goizeder; Pujol, Pablo; Galarza, Regina; Teixidor, Pilar; Pozueta Romero, Javier; IdAB. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología / Agrobioteknologiako Institutua
Although there is a great wealth of data supporting the occurrence of simultaneous synthesis and breakdown of storage carbohydrate in many organisms, previous 13CO2 pulse-chase based studies indicated that starch degradation does not operate in illuminated Arabidopsis leaves. Here we show that leaves of gwd, sex4, bam4, bam1/bam3 and amy3/isa3/lda starch breakdown mutants accumulate higher levels of starch than wild type (WT) leaves when cultured under continuous light (CL) conditions. We also show that leaves of CL grown dpe1 plants impaired in the plastidic disproportionating enzyme accumulate higher levels of maltotriose than WT leaves, the overall data providing evidence for the occurrence of extensive starch degradation in illuminated leaves. Moreover, we show that leaves of CL grown mex1/ pglct plants impaired in the chloroplastic maltose and glucose transporters display a severe dwarf phenotype and accumulate high levels of maltose, strongly indicating that the MEX1 and pGlcT transporters are involved in the export of starch breakdown products to the cytosol to support growth during illumination. To investigate whether starch breakdown products can be recycled back to starch during illumination through a mechanism involving ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) we conducted kinetic analyses of the stable isotope carbon composition (δ13C) in starch of leaves of 13CO2 pulsed-chased WT and AGP lacking aps1 plants. Notably, the rate of increase of δ13C in starch of aps1 leaves during the pulse was exceedingly higher than that of WT leaves. Furthermore, δ13C decline in starch of aps1 leaves during the chase was much faster than that of WT leaves, which provides strong evidence for the occurrence of AGP-mediated cycling of starch breakdown products in illuminated Arabidopsis leaves.
Open Access
Plastidic phosphoglucose isomerase is an important determinant of starch accumulation in mesophyll cells, growth, photosynthetic capacity, and biosynthesis of plastidic cytokinins in Arabidopsis
(Public Library of Science, 2015) Bahaji, Abdellatif; Sánchez López, Ángela María; Diego, Nuria de; Muñoz Pérez, Francisco José; Baroja Fernández, Edurne; Li, Jun; Ricarte Bermejo, Adriana; Baslam, Marouane; Aranjuelo Michelena, Iker; Almagro Zabalza, Goizeder; Humplik, Jan F.; Novák, Ondrej; Spíchal, Lukás; Dolezal, Karel; Pozueta Romero, Javier; IdAB. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología / Agrobioteknologiako Institutua; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua, IIM010491.RI2; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) catalyzes the reversible isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate. It is involved in glycolysis and in the regeneration of glucose-6-P molecules in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP). In chloroplasts of illuminated mesophyll cells PGI also connects the Calvin-Benson cycle with the starch biosynthetic pathway. In this work we isolated pgi1-3, a mutant totally lacking pPGI activity as a consequence of aberrant intron splicing of the pPGI encoding gene, PGI1. Starch content in pgi1-3 source leaves was ca. 10-15% of that of wild type (WT) leaves, which was similar to that of leaves of pgi1-2, a T-DNA insertion pPGI null mutant. Starch deficiency of pgi1 leaves could be reverted by the introduction of a sex1 null mutation impeding β-amylolytic starch breakdown. Although previous studies showed that starch granules of pgi1-2 leaves are restricted to both bundle sheath cells adjacent to the mesophyll and stomata guard cells, microscopy analyses carried out in this work revealed the presence of starch granules in the chloroplasts of pgi1-2 and pgi1-3 mesophyll cells. RT-PCR analyses showed high expression levels of plastidic and extra-plastidic β-amylase encoding genes in pgi1 leaves, which was accompanied by increased β-amylase activity. Both pgi1-2 and pgi1-3 mutants displayed slow growth and reduced photosynthetic capacity phenotypes even under continuous light conditions. Metabolic analyses revealed that the adenylate energy charge and the NAD(P)H/NAD(P) ratios in pgi1 leaves were lower than those of WT leaves. These analyses also revealed that the content of plastidic 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP)-pathway derived cytokinins (CKs) in pgi1 leaves were exceedingly lower than in WT leaves. Noteworthy, exogenous application of CKs largely reverted the low starch content phenotype of pgi1 leaves. The overall data show that pPGI is an important determinant of photosynthesis, energy status, growth and starch accumulation in mesophyll cells likely as a consequence of its involvement in the production of OPPP/glycolysis intermediates necessary for the synthesis of plastidic MEP-pathway derived hormones such as CKs.
Open Access
Characterization of multiple SPS knockout mutants reveals redundant functions of the four Arabidopsis sucrose phosphate synthase isoforms in plant viability, and strongly indicates that enhanced respiration and accelerated starch turnover can alleviate the blockage of sucrose biosynthesis
(Elsevier, 2015) Bahaji, Abdellatif; Baroja Fernández, Edurne; Ricarte Bermejo, Adriana; Sánchez López, Ángela María; Muñoz Pérez, Francisco José; Baslam, Marouane; Almagro Zabalza, Goizeder; Sesma Pascual, María Teresa; Pozueta Romero, Javier; IdAB. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología / Agrobioteknologiako Institutua; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
We characterized multiple knock-out mutants of the four Arabidopsis sucrose phosphate synthase (SPSA1, SPSA2, SPSB and SPSC) isoforms. Despite their reduced SPS activity, spsa1/spsa2, spsa1/spsb, spsa2/spsb, spsa2/spsc, spsb/spsc, spsa1/spsa2/spsb and spsa2/spsb/spsc mutants displayed wild type (WT) vegetative and reproductive morphology, and showed WT photosynthetic capacity and respiration. In contrast, growth of rosettes, flowers and siliques of the spsa1/spsc and spsa1/spsa2/spsc mutants was reduced compared with WT plants. Furthermore, these plants displayed a high dark respiration phenotype. spsa1/spsb/spsc and spsa1/spsa2/spsb/spsc seeds poorly germinated and produced aberrant and sterile plants. Leaves of all viable sps mutants, except spsa1/spsc and spsa1/spsa2/spsc, accumulated WT levels of nonstructural carbohydrates. spsa1/spsc leaves possessed high levels of metabolic intermediates and activities of enzymes of the glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle pathways, and accumulated high levels of metabolic intermediates of the nocturnal starch-to-sucrose conversion process, even under continuous light conditions. Results presented in this work show that SPS is essential for plant viability, reveal redundant functions of the four SPS isoforms in processes that are important for plant growth and nonstructural carbohydrate metabolism, and strongly indicate that accelerated starch turnover and enhanced respiration can alleviate the blockage of sucrose biosynthesis in spsa1/spsc leaves.
Open Access
Genome-wide screening of genes whose enhanced expression affects glycogen accumulation in Escherichia coli
(Oxford University Press, 2010) Eydallin, Gustavo; Montero Macarro, Manuel; Almagro Zabalza, Goizeder; Sesma Pascual, María Teresa; Viale Bailone, Alejandro M.; Muñoz Pérez, Francisco José; Rahimpour, Mehdi; Baroja Fernández, Edurne; Pozueta Romero, Javier; IdAB. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología / Agrobioteknologiako Institutua
Using a systematic and comprehensive gene expression library (the ASKA library), we have carried out a genome-wide screening of the genes whose increased plasmid-directed expression affected glycogen metabolism in Escherichia coli. Of the 4123 clones of the collection, 28 displayed a glycogen-excess phenotype, whereas 58 displayed a glycogen-deficient phenotype. The genes whose enhanced expression affected glycogen accumulation were classified into various functional categories including carbon sensing, transport and metabolism, general stress and stringent responses, factors determining intercellular communication, aggregative and social behaviour, nitrogen metabolism and energy status. Noteworthy, one-third of them were genes about which little or nothing is known. We propose an integrated metabolic model wherein E. coli glycogen metabolism is highly interconnected with a wide variety of cellular processes and is tightly adjusted to the nutritional and energetic status of the cell. Furthermore, we provide clues about possible biological roles of genes of still unknown functions.
Open Access
Sucrose synthase activity in the sus1/sus2/sus3/sus4 Arabidopsis mutant is sufficient to support normal cellulose and starch production
(National Academy of Sciences, 2011) Baroja Fernández, Edurne; Muñoz Pérez, Francisco José; Li, Jun; Bahaji, Abdellatif; Almagro Zabalza, Goizeder; Montero Macarro, Manuel; Etxeberria, Ed; Hidalgo Cruz, Maite; Sesma Pascual, María Teresa; Pozueta Romero, Javier; IdAB. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología / Agrobioteknologiako Institutua; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Sucrose synthase (SUS) catalyzes the reversible conversion of sucrose and a nucleoside diphosphate into the corresponding nucleoside diphosphate-glucose and fructose. In Arabidopsis, a multigene family encodes six SUS (SUS1-6) isoforms. The involvement of SUS in the synthesis of UDP-glucose and ADP-glucose linked to Arabidopsis cellulose and starch biosynthesis, respectively, has been questioned by Barratt et al. [(2009) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:13124–13129], who showed that (i) SUS activity in wild type (WT) leaves is too low to account for normal rate of starch accumulation in Arabidopsis, and (ii) different organs of the sus1/sus2/sus3/sus4 SUS mutant impaired in SUS activity accumulate WT levels of ADP-glucose, UDP-glucose, cellulose and starch. However, these authors assayed SUS activity under unfavorable pH conditions for the reaction. By using favorable pH conditions for assaying SUS activity, in this work we show that SUS activity in the cleavage direction is sufficient to support normal rate of starch accumulation in WT leaves. We also demonstrate that sus1/sus2/sus3/sus4 leaves display WT SUS5 and SUS6 expression levels, whereas leaves of the sus5/sus6 mutant display WT SUS1–4 expression levels. Furthermore, we show that SUS activity in leaves and stems of the sus1/sus2/sus3/sus4 and sus5/sus6 plants is ~85% of that of WT leaves, which can support normal cellulose and starch biosynthesis. The overall data disprove Barratt et al. (2009) claims, and are consistent with the possible involvement of SUS in cellulose and starch biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.
Open Access
A cAMP/CRP-controlled mechanism for the incorporation of extracellular ADP-glucose in Escherichia coli involving NupC and NupG nucleoside transporters
(Nature Research, 2018) Almagro Zabalza, Goizeder; Viale Bailone, Alejandro M.; Montero Macarro, Manuel; Muñoz Pérez, Francisco José; Baroja Fernández, Edurne; Mori, Hirotada; Pozueta Romero, Javier; IdAB. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología / Agrobioteknologiako Institutua; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
ADP-glucose is the precursor of glycogen biosynthesis in bacteria, and a compound abundant in the starchy plant organs ingested by many mammals. Here we show that the enteric species Escherichia coli is capable of scavenging exogenous ADP-glucose for use as a glycosyl donor in glycogen biosynthesis and feed the adenine nucleotide pool. To unravel the molecular mechanisms involved in this process, we screened the E. coli single-gene deletion mutants of the Keio collection for glycogen content in ADP-glucose-containing culture medium. In comparison to wild-type (WT) cells, individual ∆nupC and ∆nupG mutants lacking the cAMP/CRP responsive inner-membrane nucleoside transporters NupC and NupG displayed reduced glycogen contents and slow ADP-glucose incorporation. In concordance, ∆cya and ∆crp mutants accumulated low levels of glycogen and slowly incorporated ADP-glucose. Two-thirds of the glycogen-excess mutants identified during screening lacked functions that underlie envelope biogenesis and integrity, including the RpoE specific RseA anti-sigma factor. These mutants exhibited higher ADP-glucose uptake than WT cells. The incorporation of either ∆crp, ∆nupG or ∆nupC null alleles sharply reduced the ADP-glucose incorporation and glycogen content initially witnessed in ∆rseA cells. Overall, the data showed that E. coli incorporates extracellular ADP-glucose through a cAMP/CRP-regulated process involving the NupC and NupG nucleoside transporters that is facilitated under envelope stress conditions.
Open Access
Plastidial phosphoglucose isomerase is an important determinant of seed yield through its involvement in gibberellin-mediated reproductive development and storage reserve biosynthesis in arabidopsis
(American Society of Plant Biologists, 2018) Bahaji, Abdellatif; Almagro Zabalza, Goizeder; Ezquer, Ignacio; Gámez Arcas, Samuel; Sánchez López, Ángela María; Muñoz Pérez, Francisco José; Barrio, Ramón José; Sampedro, M. Carmen; Diego, Nuria de; Spíchal, Lukás; Dolezal, Karel; Tarkowská, Danuse; Caporali, Elisabetta; Mendes, Marta Adelina; Baroja Fernández, Edurne; Pozueta Romero, Javier; IdAB. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología / Agrobioteknologiako Institutua; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua, ref. P1004 PROMEBIO
The plastid-localized phosphoglucose isomerase isoform PGI1 is an important determinant of growth in Arabidopsis thaliana, likely due to its involvement in the biosynthesis of plastidial isoprenoid-derived hormones. Here, we investigated whether PGI1 also influences seed yields. PGI1 is strongly expressed in maturing seed embryos and vascular tissues. PGI1-null pgi1-2 plants had ∼60% lower seed yields than wild-type plants, with reduced numbers of inflorescences and thus fewer siliques and seeds per plant. These traits were associated with low bioactive gibberellin (GA) contents. Accordingly, wild-type phe-notypes were restored by exogenous GA application. pgi1-2 seeds were lighter and accumulated ∼50% less fatty acids (FAs) and ∼35% less protein than wild-type seeds. Seeds of cytokinin-deficient plants overexpressing CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DE-HYDROGENASE1 (35S:AtCKX1) and GA-deficient ga20ox1 ga20ox2 mutants did not accumulate low levels of FAs, and exogenous application of the cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine and GAs did not rescue the reduced weight and FA content of pgi1-2 seeds. Seeds from reciprocal crosses between pgi1-2 and wild-type plants accumulated wild-type levels of FAs and proteins. Therefore, PGI1 is an important determinant of Arabidopsis seed yield due to its involvement in two processes: GA-mediated reproductive development and the metabolic conversion of plastidial glucose-6-phosphate to storage reserves in the embryo.