Person: Echávarri Aguinaga, Rebeca
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Echávarri Aguinaga
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Rebeca
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Economía
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INARBE. Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics
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0000-0002-0216-2826
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5762
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Publication Open Access Economic development, female wages and missing female births in Spain, 1900-1930(Springer, 2023) Echávarri Aguinaga, Rebeca; Beltrán Tapia, Francisco J.; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate PublikoaFocusing on Spain between 1900 and 1930, a period characterised by significant structural transformations and rapid economic growth, this article shows that the sex ratio at birth (SRB) was abnormally high, at least until the 1920s. Apart from questioning whether female under-registration and different mortality environments alone can explain the results reported here, our analysis of regional information indicates that SRBs were higher in provinces where the economic structure was dominated by agriculture and manufacturing (relative to the service sector). In addition, exploiting the annual variation in low-skilled wages at the province level makes it possible to distinguish between the roles played by under-registration and outright neglect: while higher wages could increase the opportunity cost of registering a female birth (and therefore result in higher SRBs), they could also reduce the pressure to neglect female babies (and therefore result in lower SRBs). We find evidence of both effects (income and opportunity cost) of wages on SRBs between 1914 and 1920 in Spain, a period in which WWI arguably subjected the Spanish economy to an exogenous demand shock. These two effects, however, imply very different discriminatory practices. In fact, on average, the income effect was larger than the effect arising from the opportunity cost, which supports the idea that female neglect around birth was more prevalent than previously assumed during the early twentieth century in Spain. As expected, the relationship between wages and the SRB vanished during the 1920s, along with the unbalanced SRB. These results stress that gender discrimination around birth does not necessarily disappear with economic growth unless this process is accompanied by expanded labour opportunities for women.Publication Open Access Gender bias in sex ratio at birth: the case of India(2006) Echávarri Aguinaga, Rebeca; Economía; EkonomiaA deeply-rooted preference for sons may decrease the relative number of female births. Though there are variables that may help to erode the couple's preference for sons, these same variables may also increase the availability of means to ensure male births. This is the case of educational achievements. It is not difficult to assume, for example, that a higher level of education helps to erode the couple's preference for sons. However, the effect of an increase in education on female disadvantage at birth is not so straightforward. More education may increase the couple's awareness of the possibility of using prenatal sex detection. We discuss the issue throughout the paper by developing an empirical framework for the case of India.Publication Open Access Using visual stimuli to promote healthy snack choices among children(Elsevier, 2021) Benito Ostolaza, Juan Miguel; Echávarri Aguinaga, Rebeca; García Prado, Ariadna; Osés Eraso, Nuria; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; EconomíaMost interventions against obesity use information to persuade people to change their behavior, with moderate results. Because eating involves automatic routines, new approaches have emerged appealing to non-reflective cognitive processes. Through a randomized controlled trial, we evaluated the impact of visual stimuli (positive and negative) on children's snack-choices at school. Results showed that the negative stimulus had no effect, while the positive stimulus increased the probability among girls of choosing a healthy snack. We also found that children with excess weight had a larger baseline probability of choosing the healthy snack than those without. We conclude that happy emojis, used to nudge non-reflective processes, can steer children towards healthy choices.Publication Open Access Theory on economic development: from growth of wealth to expansion of freedom(2003) Echávarri Aguinaga, Rebeca; Economía; EkonomiaIn Economic Theory, development is the topic, which delves into human welfare. Its aim is linked to welfare expansion in the context of regions. In this working paper, I am assuming that aims and strategies of development are linked to the evolution of welfare notion. At the same time, this paper supports the perspective that regional development occurs when there is a freedom expansion for living a full human life in that region.Publication Open Access Development theories and development as social capability expansion(2003) Echávarri Aguinaga, Rebeca; Economía; EkonomiaA reasonable social objective of some impartial observer could be providing people the possibility to achieve a better life. Achieving a better life depends, in its turn, on the personal living conditions. Hence, offering the best distribution of conditions from a set of possible distributions could be considered the mainstay of Development Theory. Experts on development rank the possible social states that a society could reach following di erent principles. These principles depend on different criteria of what a good life is, as well as on different principles of Justice. We will see three scenarios where the rankings of social states have been generally set. Linked to the third scenario, we offer a ranking, which considers that a good life is a 'full human life'. We interpret living a full human life as the capability for self-sufficiency, self-respect and agency. These three capabilities may be in conflict, so that, we treat them lexicograhically. Last but not least, this ranking supports the principle of equal opportunity for accessing a better life as a principle of justice.Publication Open Access An evolutionary model of prenatal and postnatal discrimination against females(Elsevier, 2020) Alcalde Unzu, Jorge; Echávarri Aguinaga, Rebeca; Husillos Carques, Francisco Javier; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBEDiscrimination against born and unborn females is a well-documented phenomenon in countries such as India, China, Taiwan or Korea. Empirical studies support both additive and substitutive relationships between prenatal and postnatal discriminatory practices against females. We introduce a theoretical evolutionary model that endogenizes the preference for sons in a society, and consequently, can explain why one type of relationship or the other emerges in a society.