Person:
Echavarri, Rebeca

person.page.identifierURI

https://academica-e.unavarra.es/handle/2454/48921

Last Name

Echavarri

First Name

Rebeca

person.page.departamento

Economía

person.page.instituteName

INARBE. Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics

ORCID

0000-0002-0216-2826

person.page.upna

5762

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Now showing 1 - 10 of 14

Open Access
Education and gender bias in the sex ratio at birth: evidence from India
(Duke University Press, 2010-02-01) Echavarri, Rebeca; Ezcurra Orayen, Roberto; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE
This article investigates the possible existence of a nonlinear link between female disadvantage in natality and education. To this end, we devise a theoretical model based on the key role of social interaction in explaining people¿s acquisition of preferences, which justifies the existence of a nonmonotonic relationship between female disadvantage in natality and education. The empirical validity of the proposed model is examined for the case of India, using district-level data. In this context, our econometric analysis pays particular attention to the role of spatial dependence to avoid any potential problems of misspecification. The results confirm that the relationship between the sex ratio at birth and education in India follows an inverted U-shape. This finding is robust to the inclusion of additional explanatory variables in the analysis, and to the choice of the spatial weight matrix used to quantify the spatial interdependence between the sample districts.
Embargo
Economía y género
(Aranzadi, 2020) Echavarri, Rebeca; Martínez de Morentin, Sara; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE
La igualdad de oportunidades entre hombres y mujeres es un reto que las empresas afrontan hoy en día formulando planes de igualdad. En este capítulo exploramos razones para alcanzar dicha igualdad desde una perspectiva normativa, es decir la igualdad de género es un valor en sí mismo que las sociedades modernas y sus empresas deberían alcanzar. También examinamos las razones por las que es importante desarrollar planes de igualdad desde una perspectiva instrumental, es decir, discutiremos cómo la igualdad de oportunidades puede mejorar el rendimiento del personal y reducir costes para la empresa.
Open Access
Theory on economic development: from growth of wealth to expansion of freedom
(2003) Echavarri, Rebeca; Economía; Ekonomia
In Economic Theory, development is the topic, which delves into human welfare. Its aim is linked to welfare expansion in the context of regions. In this working paper, I am assuming that aims and strategies of development are linked to the evolution of welfare notion. At the same time, this paper supports the perspective that regional development occurs when there is a freedom expansion for living a full human life in that region.
Open Access
Gender bias in sex ratio at birth: the case of India
(2006) Echavarri, Rebeca; Economía; Ekonomia
A deeply-rooted preference for sons may decrease the relative number of female births. Though there are variables that may help to erode the couple's preference for sons, these same variables may also increase the availability of means to ensure male births. This is the case of educational achievements. It is not difficult to assume, for example, that a higher level of education helps to erode the couple's preference for sons. However, the effect of an increase in education on female disadvantage at birth is not so straightforward. More education may increase the couple's awareness of the possibility of using prenatal sex detection. We discuss the issue throughout the paper by developing an empirical framework for the case of India.
Open Access
Using visual stimuli to promote healthy snack choices among children
(Elsevier, 2021) Benito Ostolaza, Juan Miguel; Echavarri, Rebeca; García Prado, Ariadna; Osés Eraso, Nuria; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Economía
Most interventions against obesity use information to persuade people to change their behavior, with moderate results. Because eating involves automatic routines, new approaches have emerged appealing to non-reflective cognitive processes. Through a randomized controlled trial, we evaluated the impact of visual stimuli (positive and negative) on children's snack-choices at school. Results showed that the negative stimulus had no effect, while the positive stimulus increased the probability among girls of choosing a healthy snack. We also found that children with excess weight had a larger baseline probability of choosing the healthy snack than those without. We conclude that happy emojis, used to nudge non-reflective processes, can steer children towards healthy choices.
Open Access
Neonatal discrimination and excess female mortality in childhood in Spain in the first half of the twentieth century
(Springer, 2021-03-09) Echavarri, Rebeca; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE
The abnormally high sex ratio at birth (SRB) is a demographic outcome that appears in several countries in Asia and Africa and results from sex-based discrimination. Whether or not neonatal discrimination was a widespread response to socioeconomic demands during the demographic transition in Europe remains an open question. To address this concern, this paper exploits the exogenous increase in the cost of child rearing caused by the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). Using random discontinuity techniques, a sharp and statistically signifcant increase in SRB appears with the war. This fnding provides an opportunity to examine a challenging concern: whether neonatal discrimination fosters or reduces the discrimination sufered by girls in childhood. To examine the multiplier efects of discrimination, the paper investigates the potential role that women’s bargaining power could play in preventing the functioning of the transmission mechanism. To that end, the paper exploits historical geographical diferences in women’s bargaining power that were inherent to the predominant kinship system in Spanish provinces (stem vs. nuclear). The results show that an increase of one standard deviation in the interaction term between gender and SRB led, on average, to a 9% points increase in under-fve mortality in nuclear provinces. However, this positive relationship is not found in stem provinces, where women had greater bargaining power. The paper points out that policies aimed at creating a more egalitarian legal framework may fail if they are not accompanied by actions aimed at afecting beliefs and preferences for equality in society.
Open Access
Ranking profiles of capability sets
(Springer, 2008-01-08) Echavarri, Rebeca; Permanyer, Iñaki; Economía; Ekonomia
In this paper, we present an innovative approach for ranking profiles of capability sets on the basis of equity. An interesting way of capturing the notion of equity is to take into account the extent to which each of the different functioning vectors is shared by the population under consideration (of size n). This is done by defining the ‘common capability sets‘ enjoyed by k individuals as the set of functioning vectors simultaneously available to at least k individuals (1 ≤ k ≤ n). These sets are closely related to the original capability sets and have some interesting properties that are examined throughout the paper. We define and axiomatically characterize a capability profile ranking that lexicographically compares the different common capability sets.
Open Access
The missing link between parents' preferences and daughters' survival : the moderator effect of societal discrimination
(Elsevier, 2016-02-01) Echavarri, Rebeca; Husillos Carques, Francisco Javier; Gestión de Empresas; Enpresen Kudeaketa; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE
The premature mortality of female children is an alarming demographic outcome in many countries of the world. The most popular explanation for this phenomenon is the prevalence of son preference. However, empirical findings indicate that the assumption of a positive relationship between wanted daughters and female children¿s survival is not found in every scenario, and it does not have a clear explanation in the literature. To fill this gap, we present a simple model that provides insights into how the positive marginal effect of wanted daughters on their survival might decrease with higher societal discrimination against young females. The model draws on the emerging literature that examines the erosion of cognitive and noncognitive skills that results from poverty and discrimination. Our theoretical findings are tested for the case of India, using the third round of the National Family Health Survey, with Zero-Inflated Poisson models. Our estimates provide support for the interaction of parents¿ preferences and societal discrimination against female children. In particular, we show that the statistical significance of the marginal effect of wanted daughters on their survival disappears in contexts of high societal discrimination against female children. Our study contributes to the literature by questioning the commonly held assumption of additive separability between the effect of family and societal characteristics. One central implication is that the alleviation of poverty alone might fail to automatically reduce sex-based discriminatory practices, and that multidimensional interventions are required that target the individual and society
Open Access
Economic development, female wages and missing female births in Spain, 1900-1930
(Springer, 2023) Echavarri, Rebeca; Beltrán Tapia, Francisco J.; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Focusing on Spain between 1900 and 1930, a period characterised by significant structural transformations and rapid economic growth, this article shows that the sex ratio at birth (SRB) was abnormally high, at least until the 1920s. Apart from questioning whether female under-registration and different mortality environments alone can explain the results reported here, our analysis of regional information indicates that SRBs were higher in provinces where the economic structure was dominated by agriculture and manufacturing (relative to the service sector). In addition, exploiting the annual variation in low-skilled wages at the province level makes it possible to distinguish between the roles played by under-registration and outright neglect: while higher wages could increase the opportunity cost of registering a female birth (and therefore result in higher SRBs), they could also reduce the pressure to neglect female babies (and therefore result in lower SRBs). We find evidence of both effects (income and opportunity cost) of wages on SRBs between 1914 and 1920 in Spain, a period in which WWI arguably subjected the Spanish economy to an exogenous demand shock. These two effects, however, imply very different discriminatory practices. In fact, on average, the income effect was larger than the effect arising from the opportunity cost, which supports the idea that female neglect around birth was more prevalent than previously assumed during the early twentieth century in Spain. As expected, the relationship between wages and the SRB vanished during the 1920s, along with the unbalanced SRB. These results stress that gender discrimination around birth does not necessarily disappear with economic growth unless this process is accompanied by expanded labour opportunities for women.
Open Access
Development theories and development as social capability expansion
(2003) Echavarri, Rebeca; Economía; Ekonomia
A reasonable social objective of some impartial observer could be providing people the possibility to achieve a better life. Achieving a better life depends, in its turn, on the personal living conditions. Hence, offering the best distribution of conditions from a set of possible distributions could be considered the mainstay of Development Theory. Experts on development rank the possible social states that a society could reach following di erent principles. These principles depend on different criteria of what a good life is, as well as on different principles of Justice. We will see three scenarios where the rankings of social states have been generally set. Linked to the third scenario, we offer a ranking, which considers that a good life is a 'full human life'. We interpret living a full human life as the capability for self-sufficiency, self-respect and agency. These three capabilities may be in conflict, so that, we treat them lexicograhically. Last but not least, this ranking supports the principle of equal opportunity for accessing a better life as a principle of justice.