Open Access
Geografía y dinámica de la desigualdad regional en la Unión Europea
(2002) Ezcurra Orayen, Roberto; Gil Canaleta, Carlos; Pascual Arzoz, Pedro; Rapún Gárate, Manuel; Economía; Ekonomia
¿Son permanentes o temporales los desequilibrios de renta entre regiones? El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la evolución de la desigualdad regional en renta por habitante en la Unión Europea en el período 1977-1999. A diferencia de la literatura tradicional sobre convergencia, el método de trabajo empleado se basa en el cálculo de un conjunto de medidas utilizadas en el estudio dinámico de la distribución personal de la renta. Ahora bien, como la unidad de referencia es la región y no el individuo, procederemos a introducir en el análisis la dimensión poblacional. De esta manera, los indicadores calculados serán estadísticos ponderados de acuerdo con la población relativa. Asimismo, las diferentes medidas se obtienen para diversos niveles de desagregación temporal y geográfica, con el fin de detectar posibles patrones de comportamiento diferenciados en el tiempo y en el espacio.
Open Access
Convergencia y cambio estructural en la Unión Europea
(2001) Ezcurra Orayen, Roberto; Economía; Ekonomia
Este trabajo estudia el papel desempeñado por el cambio estructural en el proceso de convergencia en productividad experimentado por las regiones europeas entre 1977 y 1990. Para ello se va a proceder a la estimación de ecuaciones de convergencia con datos regionales de sección cruzada considerando diferentes variables explicativas. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren la existencia de patrones de crecimiento de carácter mixto. Es decir, pueden existir mecanismos que favorezcan la convergencia en productividad de acuerdo con el modelo neoclásico. Sin embargo, paralelamente, el cambio estructural aparece como un factor explicativo importante en dicho proceso.
Open Access
Does globalization promote civil war? An empirical research
(2015) Ezcurra Orayen, Roberto; Manotas Hidalgo, Beatriz; Economía; Ekonomia
This paper investigates the empirical relationship between globalization and in-trastate conflict in a sample of 160 countries over the period 1970-2009. To that end, we use a measure of globalization that distinguishes the social and political dimensions of integration from the economic dimension, thus allowing us to adopt a broader perspective than in most of existing studies and examine the effect of these three distinct aspects of globalization on civil violence. The results of the paper show that the degree of integration with the rest of the world contributes significantly to increasing the incidence of civil wars, in direct contrast to arguments which defend that globalization has the beneficial effect of deterring internal armed conficts. In particular, the dimension of globalization that most robustly relates with internal confict is economic integration. Our findings are not affected by the inclusion of additional explanatory variables in the analysis, or by changes in the definition of civil war. Likewise, the relationship observed between the degree of integration and civil violence does not seem to be driven by countries located in the most confictive regions in the world.
Open Access
Inequality, polarisation and regional mobility in the European Union
(2004) Ezcurra Orayen, Roberto; Gil Canaleta, Carlos; Pascual Arzoz, Pedro; Rapún Gárate, Manuel; Economía; Ekonomia
This paper examines the distribution dynamics of regional per capita income in the European Union between 1977 and 1999. To achieve this aim, we combine a non-parametric approach with the information provided by various measures used in the literature on personal income distribution. The results obtained suggest that regional inequality and polarisation have decreased in the European context over the period considered. Likewise, the observed level of intradistributional mobility is relatively low. Furthermore, our findings reveal the important role played by the national component and the spatial dimension in the distribution dynamics.
Open Access
Disparidades espaciales en productividad y estructura sectorial de las regiones europeas
(2002) Ezcurra Orayen, Roberto; Pascual Arzoz, Pedro; Rapún Gárate, Manuel; Economía; Ekonomia
El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar cuál ha sido la contribución regional y sectorial a la convergencia en productividad en la Unión Europea entre 1977 y 1999. Para ello se combina la metodología propuesta por Esteban (2000) con diversos resultados procedentes de la literatura tradicional sobre desigualdad. La evidencia empírica aportada sugiere que la desigualdad regional en productividad en la Unión Europea está estrechamente relacionada con la existencia de diferencias estructurales entre regiones. Asimismo, los resultados obtenidos permiten respaldar la relevancia teórica de los modelos de crecimiento unisectoriales a la hora de explicar las disparidades regionales en renta por habitante en el ámbito europeo.
Open Access
Territorial mobility: a measuring proposal
(2005) Ezcurra Orayen, Roberto; Pascual Arzoz, Pedro; Rapún Gárate, Manuel; Economía; Ekonomia
As a contribution to the study of intradistributional mobility, this paper introduces a family of functions whose usefulness as mobility measures is justified by different theoretical results. Indeed, as a particular case, this family includes the Bartholomew index, which is widely used in the literature devoted to the dynamic analysis of personal income distribution. The paper also contains, by way of example, an application to the study of mobility in regional per capita income distribution in the European Union between 1977 and 1999.
Open Access
Negative externalities in cropping decisions: private versus common land
(2013) Benito Ostolaza, Juan Miguel; Ezcurra Orayen, Roberto; Osés Eraso, Nuria; Economía; Ekonomia
This paper analyzes to what extent the definition of property rights affects cropping decisions when these decisions generate negative externalities. To that end, we implement an experimental study where agents make cropping decisions in two different treatments: private and common land. The results show that there are no statistically significant differences between the two treatments in the contribution to the negative externality, thus revealing that the definition of property rights does not affect cropping decision in this context. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the implication of the agents in activities generating negative externalities tends to increase over time, thus amplifying its adverse consequences.
Open Access
Movilidad y desigualdad regional en la Unión Europea
(2002) Ezcurra Orayen, Roberto; Pascual Arzoz, Pedro; Rapún Gárate, Manuel; Economía; Ekonomia
El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la movilidad de la distribución de la renta por habitante a escala regional en la Unión Europea durante el período 1977-1996, con el fin de aportar elementos complementarios sobre la naturaleza de la desigualdad interregional. Para ello se calculan una serie de indicadores utilizados habitualmente en el estudio dinámico de la distribución interpersonal de la renta. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que el nivel de movilidad intradistribucional es relativamente bajo. Asimismo, la evidencia empírica aportada muestra la existencia de una tendencia hacia la reducción de la movilidad regional a lo largo del período analizado que ha coincidido en el tiempo con el mantenimiento de la desigualdad interregional en la Unión Europea.
Open Access
Regional specializacion in the European Union
(2004) Ezcurra Orayen, Roberto; Gil Canaleta, Carlos; Pascual Arzoz, Pedro; Economía; Ekonomia
This paper examines productive specialization in the regions of the European Union over the period 1977 to 1999 using the information provided by various methodological instruments. The results obtained reveal a process of convergence in regional productive structures during the twenty-three years considered. This has been due to the behavior of regions with high levels of specialization at the start of the period, whose productive structures have tended to shift towards the European average over time. The analysis carried out also highlights the major role played by regional size, level of development and geographical location in explaining specialization in the European context. Finally, the empirical evidence provided suggests that changes in regional productive structures are closely linked to the evolution of the spatial distribution of per capita income in the European Union.
Open Access
Fiscal decentralization and internal conflict: an empirical investigation
(2013) Ezcurra Orayen, Roberto; Economía; Ekonomia
This paper examines the relationship between fiscal decentralization and internal conflict in 77 countries during the period 1972-2000. The results show that the devolution of scal power to subnational tiers of government reduces the incidence of civil conflict. This finding is robust to the inclusion in the analysis of the degree of political decentralization and of a number of control variables commonly employed in the literature. Likewise, the observed relationship does not depend on the estimation strategy or the specific measures used to quantify the degree of fiscal decentralization and the incidence of civil conflicts within the various countries.