Open Access
Characterization of two iron bullets from the royal ammunition factory of Eugi (Spain)
(Technical Faculty, University of Belgrade, 2018) Zalakain Iriazabal, Iñaki; Berlanga Labari, Carlos; Álvarez Vega, Lucas; Rivero Fuente, Pedro J.; Valencia Monreal, Javier; Rodríguez Trías, Rafael; Mekanika, Energetika eta Materialen Ingeniaritza; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2; Ingeniería Mecánica, Energética y de Materiales
In this work, a comparative analysis of two iron bullets found in The Royal Ammunition Factory of Eugi in Navarra (Spain) was performed. Both bullets presented a spherical shape with a relatively good state of preservation, belonging to the last years of the factory production (1766-1850). Several techniques such as microhardness, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical mission spectroscopy (OES) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis were used in order to identify the manufacturing process of the two bullets. The analyses of the microstructures carried out by LM and SEM showed that one bullet was composed of white cast iron with a pearlitic matrix, steadite and graphite; while the other was composed of grey cast iron with a pearlitic matrix, graphite and a low amount of steadite. The chemical analysis of the bullets carried out by OES indicated significant differences in the amount of silicon and phosphorous. The variation in silicon content could suggest that the foundry temperature under oxidizing environment varied during the casting. The SEM and EDX analyses showed both bullets had manganese sulphide inclusions but only one of the bullets exhibited titanium and vanadium inclusions. The microhardness analyses carried out revealed Vickers hardness differences along the diameter. This variation could be explained by the differences in cooling rate along the diameter. Based on the physical characteristics of the bullets and on the obtained results, it can be concluded that one of the bullets could have been used as a grapeshot projectile and the other one as a bullet for ribauldequins. In addition, calcined ore and slag found in this factory were also analysed. The variation found in their chemical composition corroborated that the foundry temperature employed during the manufacturing process was low, the slag being enriched in Si, Al and Mn elements.
Open Access
Estudio de la oxidación a elevada temperatura de ocho aleaciones en atmósferas de combustión de biomasa
(CENIM, 2008) Berlanga Labari, Carlos; Fernández Carrasquilla, Javier; Ingeniería Mecánica, Energética y de Materiales; Mekanika, Energetika eta Materialen Ingeniaritza
La combustión de biomasa, especialmente de paja de cereal, genera un ambiente muy corrosivo, particularmente, cerca de los tubos sobrecalentadores. El cloro es el principal agente corrosivo en las plantas de biomasa. Este trabajo se centra en comprobar el comportamiento de ocho aleaciones comerciales en una ambiente de combustión de biomasa. Los materiales estudiados han sido las siguientes: AISI 347 CG (1.4550), AISI 347 FG (1.4550), AISI 316LN (1.4910), ESSHETE 1250 (1.4982), AC 66 (1.4877), X20CrMoV12:1 (1.4922) y AISI 347 recubiertos con Inconel 625 e Inconel 686. Los ensayos se han realizado en la caldera de la planta de biomasa de Sangüesa (Navarra, España) durante 8.000 y 15.000 h a una temperatura de 500-550 °C. Los resultados indican un buen comportamiento de los aceros inoxidables austeníticos y de las aleaciones de Inconel, mientras que el del acero martensítico no ha sido aceptable. Se ha propuesto el mecanismo conocido como “oxidación activa” para interpretar el comportamiento a la corrosión de estos materiales en estos medios.
Open Access
Corrosion of cast aluminum alloys: a review
(MDPI, 2020-10-16) Berlanga Labari, Carlos; Biezma Moraleda, María Victoria; Rivero Fuente, Pedro J.; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2
Research on corrosion resistance of cast aluminum alloys is reviewed in this article. The effect of the main microstructural features of cast aluminum alloys such as secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS), eutectic silicon morphology, grain size, macrosegregation, microsegregation, and intermetallic compounds is discussed. Moreover, the corrosion resistance of cast aluminum alloys obtained by modern manufacturing processes such as semi-solid and additive manufacturing are analyzed. Finally, the protective effects provided by different coatings on the aluminum cast alloys—such as anodized, plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), and laser—is reviewed. Some conclusions and future guidelines for future works are proposed.
Open Access
Relationship between microstructure and fracture types in a UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel
(ABM, ABC, ABPol, 2013) Biezma Moraleda, María Victoria; Berlanga Labari, Carlos; Argandoña Salinas, Gorka; Ingeniería Mecánica, Energética y de Materiales; Mekanika, Energetika eta Materialen Ingeniaritza
Duplex stainless steels are susceptible to the formation of sigma phase at high temperature which could potentially be responsible for catastrophic service failure of components. Thermal treatments were applied to duplex stainless steels in order to promote the precipitation of different fractions of sigma phase into a ferrite-austenite microstructure. Quantitative image analysis was employed to characterize the microstructure and Charpy impact tests were used in order to evaluate the mechanical degradation caused by sigma phase presence. The fracture morphology of the Charpy test specimens were thoroughly observed in SEM, looking for a correlation between the microstructure and the fracture types in UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel. The main conclusion is the strong embrittlement effect of sigma phase since it is possible to observe a transition from transgranular fracture to intergranular fracture as increases the percentage of sigma phase. Thus, the mixed modes of fracture are predominant in the present study with high dependence on sigma phase percentages obtained by different thermal treatments.
Open Access
Study of the degradation of heat exchanger materials in the acidic environment of Teide National Park
(2019) Catalán Ros, Leyre; Pérez Artieda, Miren Gurutze; Berlanga Labari, Carlos; Garacochea Sáenz, Amaia; Rodríguez García, Antonio; Domínguez, Vidal; Montañez, Ana Carolina; Padilla, Germán D.; Pérez, Nemesio M.; Ingeniaritza; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería
Supplying power to volcanic monitoring stations constitutes a challenge due to both the access difficulties and the acidic environment associated with volcanoes. ELECTROVOLCAN project is developing thermoelectric generators that make use of the temperature of the available fumaroles to directly supply electricity to the stations in a robust, compact and reliable way. The main element of thermoelectric generators are the thermoelectric modules, based on Seebeck effect. Nonetheless, since the efficiency of these modules increases with the temperature difference between their sides, the introduction of heat exchangers becomes essential. The present study analyses the behavior of different materials used in the construction of the heat exchangers in the acidic environment of Teide National Park.
Open Access
Hydrophobic and corrosion behavior of sol-gel hybrid coatings based on the combination of TiO2 NPs and fluorinated chains for aluminum alloys protection
(MDPI, 2018) Rivero Fuente, Pedro J.; Maeztu Redin, Juan Deyo; Berlanga Labari, Carlos; Miguel, Adrián; Rodríguez Trías, Rafael; Ingeniaritza; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2; Ingeniería; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa, Navarre-PRO-UPNA18-6107-FRRRIO
In this work, layers of a sol-gel hybrid matrix doped with metal oxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have been deposited on flat samples of AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy using the dip-coating technique, with the aim of obtaining coatings with better anti-corrosive and hydrophobic properties. Two different organic modified silica alkoxides, namely 3-(glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and methyltriethoxysilane (MTEOS), have been used for an adequate entrapment of the metal oxide nanoparticles. In addition, a fluorinated metal-alkoxide precursor has also been added to the hybrid matrix in order to improve the hydrophobic behavior. The experimental results corroborate that the presence of these TiO2 NPs play an important role in the development of the sol-gel hybrid coatings. The water contact angle (WCA) measurements, as well as pencil hardness tests indicate that TiO2 NPs make a considerable increase in the resultant hydrophobicity possible, with better mechanical properties of the coatings. The coating thickness has been measured by cross-section scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, a glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES) analysis has been carried out in order to corroborate the adequate entrapment of the TiO2 NPs into the sol-gel coatings. Finally, potentiodynamic polarization tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) have been performed in order to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the coatings. All the results provide insights into the efficacy of the developed sol-gel hybrid coatings for anticorrosive purposes with good mechanical properties.
Open Access
Multifunctional protective PVC-ZnO nanocomposite coatings deposited on aluminum alloys by electrospinning
(MDPI, 2019) Iribarren Zabalegui, Álvaro; Rivero Fuente, Pedro J.; Berlanga Labari, Carlos; Larumbe Abuin, Silvia; Miguel, Adrián; Rodríguez Trías, Rafael; Ingeniaritza; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2; Ingeniería; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa, PRO-UPNA 18 (6107)
This paper reports the use of the electrospinning technique for the synthesis of nanocomposite micro/nanofibers by combining a polymeric precursor with hydrophobic behavior like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with nanoparticles of a corrosion inhibitor like ZnO. These electrospun fibers were deposited on substrates of the aluminum alloy 6061T6 until forming a coating around 100 m. The effect of varying the different electrospinning deposition parameters (mostly applied voltage and flow-rate) was exhaustively analyzed in order to optimize the coating properties. Several microscopy and analysis techniques have been employed, including optical microscopy (OM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Water contact angle (WCA) measurements have been carried out in order to corroborate the coating hydrophobicity. Finally, their corrosion behavior has been evaluated by electrochemical tests (Tafel curves and pitting potential measurements), showing a relevant improvement in the resultant corrosion resistance of the coated aluminum alloys.
Open Access
Corrosion behavior in volcanic soils: in search of candidate materials for thermoelectric devices
(MDPI, 2021-12-21) Berlanga Labari, Carlos; Catalán Ros, Leyre; Palacio, José F.; Pérez Artieda, Miren Gurutze; Astrain Ulibarrena, David; Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2
Thermoelectric generators have emerged as an excellent solution for the energy supply of volcanic monitoring stations due to their compactness and continuous power generation. Nevertheless, in order to become a completely viable solution, it is necessary to ensure that their materials are able to resist in the acidic environment characteristic of volcanoes. Hence, the main objective of this work is to study the resistance to corrosion of six different metallic materials that are candidates for use in the heat exchangers. For this purpose, the metal probes have been buried for one year in the soil of the Teide volcano (Spain) and their corrosion behavior has been evaluated by using different techniques (OM, SEM, and XRD). The results have shown excessive corrosion damage to the copper, brass, and galvanized steel tubes. After evaluating the corrosion behavior and thermoelectric performance, AISI 304 and AISI 316 stainless steels are proposed for use as heat exchangers in thermoelectric devices in volcanic environments.
Open Access
Revisión sobre la corrosión de tubos sobrecalentadores en plantas de biomasa
(CENIM, 2006) Berlanga Labari, Carlos; Fernández Carrasquilla, Javier; Ingeniería Mecánica, Energética y de Materiales; Mekanika, Energetika eta Materialen Ingeniaritza
En el diseño de plantas de biomasa es muy importante tener en cuenta la temperatura del vapor para no tener problemas de corrosión. Esto, es debido al alto contenido de potasio y cloro que tienen la mayoría de los biocombustibles y, en especial, la paja de cereal. El objetivo de esta revisión es condensar el conocimiento actual sobre la corrosión de los sobrecalentadores a altas temperaturas provocada por compuestos clorados en plantas de biomasa. El cloro puede causar corrosión acelerada debido a la pérdida de metal del sobrecalentador, ataque interno y formación de capas de óxidos no adherentes. Los problemas de corrosión más severos en una caldera de biomasa se producen en los depósitos formados sobre los tubos sobrecalentadores. En la primera parte de esta revisión, se describen los mecanismos de corrosión propuestos en función de las condiciones de trabajo predominantes en la caldera. La segunda parte, se centra en revisar los estudios realizados para comprobar el comportamiento de los materiales mediante ensayos realizados en la caldera y en el laboratorio. En primer lugar, se describen las investigaciones realizadas sobre aleaciones convencionales y después las realizadas sobre las aleaciones desarrolladas en los últimos años y recubrimientos.
Open Access
Revisión y estado del arte de la corrosividad del etanol y sus mezclas con gasolina
(CENIM, 2011) Berlanga Labari, Carlos; Biezma Moraleda, María Victoria; Fernández Carrasquilla, Javier; Universidad Pública de Navarra. Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Energética y de Materiales; Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa. Mekanika, Energetika eta Materialen Ingeniaritza Saila
Actualmente, el etanol se presenta como una fuente importante de combustible renovable para el sector de la automoción. Se sabe que los carburantes tradicionales, como la gasolina, no han causado problemas de corrosión, debido principalmente a su baja miscibilidad en el agua. En cambio, los biocarburantes en base alcohol pueden contener una considerable cantidad de agua y, además, se puede producir la oxidación parcial de sus componentes por su exposición a la atmósfera. Estas reacciones pueden ocasionar corrosión y posterior fallo, de cualquier componente metálico en contacto con las mezclas etanol-gasolina. En consecuencia, todos los sectores relacionados con la industria que emplean este combustible, empresas productoras, logística, dispensadores y fabricantes de vehículos, pueden estar afectados por esta problemática. Esto hace que este tema sea muy interesante, tanto desde un punto de vista científico como industrial. En este trabajo se revisa sistemáticamente todos los aspectos relacionados con la corrosión que produce el etanol y sus mezclas con gasolina, con el objetivo de conocer en profundidad el estado actual de las investigaciones, así como para orientar trabajos futuros que estén afectados, tanto de forma directa o indirecta con esta temática.