Open Access
Lithium-ion battery model and experimental validation
(2015) Berrueta Irigoyen, Alberto; Irigaray, Víctor; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica
A simple battery model is useful for: Sizing of the storage system for a particular application; Designing other elements connected to the battery; Managing the storage system operation. This poster consists on: Tests to characterize a lithium-ion battery at Ta=23 ⁰C. Methodology to fit the parameters of the battery model; Parameter trends related to the state of charge; Experimental validation and model accuracy.
Open Access
Energy storage systems based on lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors: characterization, modelling and integration with renewable energies
(2017) Berrueta Irigoyen, Alberto; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
Los inconvenientes medioambientales, sociales y económicos que presentan los combustibles fósiles y nucleares están propiciando un uso cada vez mayor de fuentes de energía renovables. El fuerte desarrollo tecnológico de los sistemas de generación basados en estas fuentes de energía, especialmente de los sistemas eólicos y fotovoltaicos, ha abaratado enormemente sus costes de producción, resultando ya tecnologías competitivas en relación con las plantas convencionales. Actualmente, el principal obstáculo que limita su integración masiva en la red eléctrica es su gestionabilidad, dada la naturaleza intermitente del recurso renovable. Los sistemas de almacenamiento energético distribuidos, y en particular las baterías de litio y los supercondensadores, surgen como una de las mejores alternativas para mejorar la gestión de esta energía y facilitar la operación de una red el ectrica cada vez más basada en sistemas renovables. Esta tesis analiza en profundidad ambas tecnologías de almacenamiento, especialmente cuando funcionan en entornos de generación renovable. Las principales líneas de trabajo de la tesis son: Análisis del estado actual de las tecnologías; Estudio de la influencia de los fenómenos termodinámicos, electroquímicos y térmicos en el funcionamiento de estos sistemas de almacenamiento; Modelado electroquímico y térmico de ambas tecnologías de almacenamiento; Estimación del estado de carga y del envejecimiento en baterías de litio; Validación experimental de los modelos propuestos ante diferentes condiciones de funcionamiento; Desarrollo de metodologías para el diseño y funcionamiento óptimo de sistemas de almacenamiento basados en baterías de litio en entornos renovables y particularización para centrales fotovoltaicas.
Open Access
Static and dynamic characterization of a supercapacitor
(2014) Berrueta Irigoyen, Alberto; San Martín Biurrun, Idoia; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa
Supercapacitors (SCs) have recently received a major boost as a result of the development of multiple applications, such as the electric vehicle and electric microgrids. Storage systems consisting of SCs combined with batteries or fuel cells have been proposed in multiple applications. Since SCs store energy as an electric field, they are able to efficiently manage high power and high frequency charge‐discharge cycles. This ability to handle high power in a wide frequency range grants them a wide advantage against other energy‐storage technologies. A static and dynamic characterization of the Maxwell SC BMOD0083 has been accomplished in this study.
Open Access
Hydrogen-lithium energy storage for a stand-alone microgrid
(2016) Berrueta Irigoyen, Alberto; San Martín Biurrun, Idoia; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica
Sizing of the storage system for a stand-alone application: Satisfaction of technical requirements; Based on real data from an experimental microgrid; Long lifetime; Lowest price
Open Access
Impact of micro-cycles on the lifetime of lithium-ion batteries - EIS analysis
(IEEE, 2024-07-30) Nováková, Katerina; Berrueta Irigoyen, Alberto; Soto Cabria, Adrián; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoa eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
Experimental studies of lithium-ion batteries are very often based only on deep charge and discharge cycles. However, these test profiles do not fully reflect the actual operation of the battery in an electric vehicle or in stationary applications, where the battery is not only loaded during the main charging and discharging profiles, but it is also stressed by the current throughput caused by renewable power fluctuations or by auxiliary services. These cycles, which are superimposed to the main charge and discharge processes and have a depth of discharge not exceeding 2%, are called micro-cycles. Although there are several simulation studies that attempt to capture this issue, there is still no comprehensive experimental study that has the phenomena that occur during micro-cycling. This paper presents an experimental analysis of micro-cycles, providing a detailed view of the different processes taking place in the battery during aging, by means of a detailed analysis of the results from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). By studying the single electrochemical processes in detail, this paper explains the benefits of micro-cycling in terms of extending the lifetime of the battery.
Open Access
Experimental assessment of first- and second-life electric vehicle batteries: performance, capacity dispersion, and aging
(IEEE, 2021) Braco Sola, Elisa; San Martín Biurrun, Idoia; Berrueta Irigoyen, Alberto; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
Nowadays, the reuse of electric vehicle batteries is considered to be a feasible alternative to recycling, as it allows them to benefit from their remaining energy capacity and to enlarge their lifetime. Stationary applications, such as self-consumption or off-grid systems support, are examples of second-life (SL) uses for retired batteries. However, reused modules that compose these batteries have heterogeneous properties, which limit their performance. This article aims to assess the influence of degradation in modules from electric vehicles, covering three main aspects: performance, capacity dispersion, and extended SL behavior. First, a complete characterization of new and reused modules is carried out, considering three temperatures and three discharge rates. In the second stage, intra- and intermodule capacity dispersions are evaluated with new and reused samples. Finally, the behavior during SL is also analyzed, through an accelerated cycling test so that the evolution of capacity and dispersion are assessed. Experimental results show that the performance of reused modules is especially undermined at low temperatures and high current rates, as well as in advanced stages of aging. The intramodule dispersion is found to be similar in reused and new samples, while the intermodule differences are nearly four times greater in SL.
Open Access
Supercapacitors: electrical characteristics, modelling, applications and future trends
(IEEE, 2019) Berrueta Irigoyen, Alberto; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; San Martín Biurrun, Idoia; Eftekhari, Ali; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua, PI020 RENEWABLE-STORAGE
Energy storage systems are playing an increasingly important role in a variety of applications, such as electric vehicles or grid-connected systems. In this context, supercapacitors (SCs) are gaining ground due to their high power density, good performance and long maintenance-free lifetime. For this reason, SCs are a hot research topic, and several papers are being published on material engineering, performance characterization, modelling and post-mortem analysis. A compilation of the most important millstones on this topic is essential to keep researchers on related fields updated about new potentials of this technology. This review paper covers recent research aspects and applications of SCs, highlighting the relationship between material properties and electrical characteristics. It begins with an explanation of the energy storage mechanisms and materials used by SCs. Based on these materials, the SCs are classified, their key features are summarised, and their electrochemical characteristics are related to electrical performance. Given the high interest in system modelling and the large number of papers published on this topic, modelling techniques are classified, explained and compared, addressing their strengths and weaknesses, and the experimental techniques used to measure the modelled properties are described. Finally, the market sectors in which SCs are successfully used, as well as their growth expectations are analysed. The analysis presented herein gives account of the expansion that SC market is currently undergoing and identifies the most promising research trends on this field.
Open Access
On the on-site measurement of the degradation rate of crystalline silicon PV modules at plant level
(IEEE, 2018) Pascual Miqueleiz, Julio María; Berrueta Irigoyen, Alberto; Marcos Álvarez, Javier; García Solano, Miguel; Marroyo Palomo, Luis; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación
This paper proposes a method for measuring the degradation rate of crystalline silicon PV modules at plant level in two different ways as a form of verification. As actual levels of degradation rate have been observed to be as low as 0.2%/a, the uncertainties make it difficult to measure this value accurately at plant level. However, despite the low value, it is still important to know the actual degradation rate due to its impact on energy yield. In this paper, two ways of measuring the degradation rate at plant level are proposed. These two methods, with different uncertainty sources, are proposed to be used jointly in order to have a better approach to the real value. Finally, an example of measurement in a 1.78 MW PV plant is presented.
Open Access
Comparison of State-of-Charge estimation methods for stationary Lithium-ion batteries
(IEEE, 2016) Berrueta Irigoyen, Alberto; San Martín Biurrun, Idoia; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC
An accurate monitoring of the State of Charge (SoC) is mandatory for an efficient management of a Lithium-ion battery. Batteries of stationary systems barely have long resting periods when the cumulative errors can be reset. These special requirements make a robust and accurate SoC estimation algorithm necessary. A real stationary system including an experimental microgrid with renewable energy generation, home consumption and a 5.3 kWh Li-ion storage system is analyzed in this paper. Three representative SoC monitoring algorithms are applied and compared in terms of accuracy and robustness to battery aging and current measurement offset. A closed-loop method consisting of an adaptive filter and a state observer achieves best results while having a reasonable computational complexity.
Open Access
Combined dynamic programming and region-elimination technique algorithm for optimal sizing and management of lithium-ion batteries for photovoltaic plants
(Elsevier, 2018) Berrueta Irigoyen, Alberto; Heck, Michael; Jantsch, Martin; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua PI038 INTEGRA-RENOVABLES
The unpredictable nature of renewable energies is drawing attention to lithium-ion batteries. In order to make full utilization of these batteries, some research works are focused on the management of existing systems, while others propose sizing techniques based on business models. However, in order to optimise the global system, a comprehensive methodology that considers both battery sizing and management at the same time is needed. This paper proposes a new optimisation algorithm based on a combination of dynamic programming and a region elimination technique that makes it possible to address both problems at the same time. This is of great interest, since the optimal size of the storage system depends on the management strategy and, in turn, the design of this strategy needs to take account of the battery size. The method is applied to a real installation consisting of a 100 kWp rooftop photovoltaic plant and a Li-ion battery system connected to a grid with variable electricity price. Results show that, unlike conventional optimisation methods, the proposed algorithm reaches an optimised energy dispatch plan that leads to a higher net present value. Finally, the tool is used to provide a sensitivity analysis that identifies key informative variables for decision makers