Open Access
Influence of the aging model of lithium-ion batteries on the management of PV self-consumption systems
(IEEE, 2018) Berrueta Irigoyen, Alberto; Pascual Miqueleiz, Julio María; San Martín Biurrun, Idoia; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua, PI038 INTEGRA-RENOVABLES
Lithium-ion batteries are gaining importance for a variety of applications due to their improving characteristics and decreasing price. An accurate knowledge of their aging is required for a successful use of these ESSs. The vast number of models that has been proposed to predict these phenomena raise doubts about the suitability of a model for a particular battery application. The performance of three models published for a Sanyo 18650 cylindrical cell in a self-consumption system are compared in this work. Measured photovoltaic production and home consumption with a sampling frequency of 15 minutes are used for this comparison. The different aging predictions calculated by these three models are analyzed, compared and discussed. These comparison is particularized for two management strategies. The first of them maximizes the self-consumption PV energy, while the second reduces the maximum power peak demanded from the grid.
Open Access
Analytical design methodology for Litz-wired high-frequency power transformers
(IEEE, 2015) Barrios Rípodas, Ernesto; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Marroyo Palomo, Luis; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
In the last quarter of a century, high-frequency (HF) transformer design has been one of the major concerns to power electronics designers in order to increase converter power densities and efficiencies. Conventional design methodologies are based on iterative processes and rules of thumb founded more on expertise than on theoretical developments. This paper presents an analytical design methodology for litz-wired HF power transformers that provides a deep insight into the transformer design problem making it a powerful tool for converter designers. The most suitable models for the calculation of core and winding losses and the transformer thermal resistance are first selected and then validated with a 5-kW 50-kHz commercial transformer for a photovoltaic application. Based on these models, the design methodology is finally proposed, reducing the design issue to directly solve a five-variable nonlinear optimization problem. The methodology is illustrated with a detailed design in terms of magnetic material, core geometry, and primary and secondary litz-wire sizing. The optimal design achieves a 46.5% power density increase and a higher efficiency of 99.70% when compared with the commercial one.
Open Access
Supercapacitors: electrical characteristics, modelling, applications and future trends
(IEEE, 2019) Berrueta Irigoyen, Alberto; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; San Martín Biurrun, Idoia; Eftekhari, Ali; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua, PI020 RENEWABLE-STORAGE
Energy storage systems are playing an increasingly important role in a variety of applications, such as electric vehicles or grid-connected systems. In this context, supercapacitors (SCs) are gaining ground due to their high power density, good performance and long maintenance-free lifetime. For this reason, SCs are a hot research topic, and several papers are being published on material engineering, performance characterization, modelling and post-mortem analysis. A compilation of the most important millstones on this topic is essential to keep researchers on related fields updated about new potentials of this technology. This review paper covers recent research aspects and applications of SCs, highlighting the relationship between material properties and electrical characteristics. It begins with an explanation of the energy storage mechanisms and materials used by SCs. Based on these materials, the SCs are classified, their key features are summarised, and their electrochemical characteristics are related to electrical performance. Given the high interest in system modelling and the large number of papers published on this topic, modelling techniques are classified, explained and compared, addressing their strengths and weaknesses, and the experimental techniques used to measure the modelled properties are described. Finally, the market sectors in which SCs are successfully used, as well as their growth expectations are analysed. The analysis presented herein gives account of the expansion that SC market is currently undergoing and identifies the most promising research trends on this field.
Open Access
Modeling of small wind turbines based on PMSG with diode bridge for sensorless maximum power tracking
(Elsevier, 2013) Urtasun Erburu, Andoni; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; San Martín Biurrun, Idoia; López Taberna, Jesús; Marroyo Palomo, Luis; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) with diode bridge is frequently used in small Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS). This configuration is robust and cheap, and therefore suitable for small WECS. In order to achieve Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) with no mechanical sensors, it is possible to impose the relationship between the DC voltage and the DC current on the optimum operating points. However, this relationship is difficult to calculate theoretically since the whole system is involved. In fact, as there is no model of the whole system in the literature, the optimum curve IL*(Vdc) is obtained with experimental tests or simulations. This paper develops an accurate model of the whole WECS, thereby making it possible to relate the electrical variables to the mechanical ones. With this model, it is possible to calculate the optimum curve IL*(Vdc) from commonly-known system parameters and to control the system from the DC side. Experimental results validate the theoretical analysis and show that maximum power is extracted for actual wind speed profiles.
Open Access
Lithium-ion battery model and experimental validation
(2015) Berrueta Irigoyen, Alberto; Irigaray, Víctor; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica
A simple battery model is useful for: Sizing of the storage system for a particular application; Designing other elements connected to the battery; Managing the storage system operation. This poster consists on: Tests to characterize a lithium-ion battery at Ta=23 ⁰C. Methodology to fit the parameters of the battery model; Parameter trends related to the state of charge; Experimental validation and model accuracy.
Open Access
Hydrogen-based energy storage for a distributed generation system
(Spanish Hydrogen Association, 2016) San Martín Biurrun, Idoia; Berrueta Irigoyen, Alberto; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoa eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC
One of the most typical distributed generation systems are electrical microgrid, which consist on small electrical grids, generally connected to the main grid, with a decentralized management structure. Electrical microgrids allow higher renewable energy integration in the grid, achieving a cost decrease and improving the grid quality [1]. These mi- crogrids incorporate renewable generation systems and energy consumers. Moreover, they have storage systems to balance generation and consumption as well as the exchanged power with the main grid. Traditionally, lead-acid batter- ies have been used in microgrids. However, these batteries have some drawbacks, being the most important its poor performance in partial state of charge, which is critical for a microgrid. A suitable option for the storage system is hy- drogen technology. These systems have high energy density, which makes the storage system able to assume seasonal variability of renewable resources. This paper proposes a sizing methodology for storage systems based on hydrogen for grid-tied electrical microgrids. This methodology optimizes the relationship between the storage system size and the consumption of grid power.
Open Access
Static and dynamic characterization of a supercapacitor
(2014) Berrueta Irigoyen, Alberto; San Martín Biurrun, Idoia; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa
Supercapacitors (SCs) have recently received a major boost as a result of the development of multiple applications, such as the electric vehicle and electric microgrids. Storage systems consisting of SCs combined with batteries or fuel cells have been proposed in multiple applications. Since SCs store energy as an electric field, they are able to efficiently manage high power and high frequency charge‐discharge cycles. This ability to handle high power in a wide frequency range grants them a wide advantage against other energy‐storage technologies. A static and dynamic characterization of the Maxwell SC BMOD0083 has been accomplished in this study.
Open Access
Design methodology for the frequency shift method of islanding prevention and analysis of its detection capability
(Wiley, 2005) Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Marroyo Palomo, Luis; Coloma, Javier; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa
Islanding protection is one of the most important sources of discrepancy in gridconnected photovoltaic systems. Even when islanding is not very likely to happen, regulations demand the photovoltaic inverters to implement effective protection methods. Due to its several advantages, the frequency shift method of islanding prevention, commonly known as Sandia Frequency Shift, is one of the most important active methods. This method implements a positive feedback of the frequency that tends to move it outside the trip limits in case of islanding. The method shows a very high detection capability, which depends on both the values of the method parameters and the characteristics of the load that remains in the same power section after islanding. This paper develops a mathematical analysis of the Sandia Frequency Shift method and proposes a new methodology to design its parameters as a trade-off between the detection capability, which is evaluated as a function of the load characteristics, and the distortion that the method could introduce in the grid as a consequence of transitory frequency disturbances. The ability of this methodology to design the method parameters and achieve the highest detection capability is satisfactorily proved by means of both simulation and experimental results on a commercial photovoltaic inverter that implements the method once its parameters have been designed with the proposed methodology.
Open Access
Combined dynamic programming and region-elimination technique algorithm for optimal sizing and management of lithium-ion batteries for photovoltaic plants
(Elsevier, 2018) Berrueta Irigoyen, Alberto; Heck, Michael; Jantsch, Martin; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua PI038 INTEGRA-RENOVABLES
The unpredictable nature of renewable energies is drawing attention to lithium-ion batteries. In order to make full utilization of these batteries, some research works are focused on the management of existing systems, while others propose sizing techniques based on business models. However, in order to optimise the global system, a comprehensive methodology that considers both battery sizing and management at the same time is needed. This paper proposes a new optimisation algorithm based on a combination of dynamic programming and a region elimination technique that makes it possible to address both problems at the same time. This is of great interest, since the optimal size of the storage system depends on the management strategy and, in turn, the design of this strategy needs to take account of the battery size. The method is applied to a real installation consisting of a 100 kWp rooftop photovoltaic plant and a Li-ion battery system connected to a grid with variable electricity price. Results show that, unlike conventional optimisation methods, the proposed algorithm reaches an optimised energy dispatch plan that leads to a higher net present value. Finally, the tool is used to provide a sensitivity analysis that identifies key informative variables for decision makers
Open Access
Small wind turbines sensorless MPPT: robustness analysis and lossless approach
(IEEE, 2014) Urtasun Erburu, Andoni; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Marroyo Palomo, Luis; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
The configuration Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) with diode bridge is frequently used in small Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WESC) thanks to its reliability and low cost. In order to perform a sensorless Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), a suitable method consists of imposing the relationship between the dc current and the dc voltage in optimum operation. However, this strategy requires having knowledge of the system parameters, which are inaccurately known and can vary in real applications. Thus, optimum curve is not precisely obtained, leading to power losses. This paper evaluates to what extent the power is reduced due to parameter errors. It is shown how the power can be drastically decreased due to some parameter variation whereas it is not affected by others such as the resistance, which can then be neglected in order to simplify the model. Simulation results for an actual wind profile validate the theoretical analysis.

Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo

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