Embargo
Rol enfermero en la rehabilitación de pacientes con ictus
(2025) Ballesteros Egüés, Tomás; Insausti Serrano, Ana María; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientzien Fakultatea
Introducción. Las enfermedades cerebrovasculares, segunda causa de muerte en España en 2022 y principal causa de discapacidad en adultos, demandan enfoques innovadores en rehabilitación. El rol del trabajo de enfermería es un pilar imprescindible en la coordinación de los distintos profesionales que participan en dicha rehabilitación. En este TFG, se muestra el trabajo integrador de enfermería en un proyecto de investigación de la UPNA que evalúa la terapia subacuática como alternativa para pacientes con secuelas de ictus Objetivo. Integración del rol enfermero como coordinador de un proyecto de investigación multidisciplinar que compara los efectos de la terapia subacuática frente a terapias convencionales de rehabilitación en el paciente con ictus. Metodología. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sistemática en Medline, Web of Science, Scopus y PEDro, seleccionando 21 artículos (2016-2025) según criterios como estudios clínicos con pacientes post-ictus. Resultados: La terapia acuática mejoró significativamente la marcha, el equilibrio, la fuerza muscular y la calidad de vida en el 60% de los casos, superando a las terapias tradicionales, y resaltó la importancia de cuidados de enfermería como la monitorización de riesgos y la educación del paciente durante el tratamiento. Conclusiones: La terapia acuática es una alternativa prometedora para la rehabilitación post-ictus, requiriendo formación especializada en enfermería para su implementación segura. Se está realizando un proyecto de investigación, enlazado con este TFG, donde Enfermería además asume un rol de coordinación.
Open Access
Novel sensorized additive manufacturing-based enlighted tooling concepts for aeronautical parts
(Springer Nature, 2024-07-31) Uralde Jiménez, Virginia; Veiga Suárez, Fernando; Suárez, Alfredo; López, Alberto; Goenaga, Igor; Ballesteros Egüés, Tomás; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC
This paper presents lightweight tooling concepts based on additive manufacturing, with the aim of developing advanced tooling systems as well as installing sensors for real-time monitoring and control during the anchoring and manufacturing of aeronautical parts. Leveraging additive manufacturing techniques in the production of tooling yields benefits in manufacturing flexibility and material usage. These concepts transform traditional tooling systems into active, intelligent tools, improving the manufacturing process and part quality. Integrated sensors measure variables such as displacement, humidity and temperature allowing data analysis and correlation with process quality variables such as accuracy errors, tolerances achieved and surface finish. In addition to sensor integration, additive manufacturing by directed energy arc and wire deposition (DED-arc) has been selected for part manufacturing. The research includes the mechanical characterisation of the material and the microstructure of the material once manufactured by DED-arc. Design for additive manufacturing" principles guide the design process to effectively exploit the capabilities of DED-arc. These turrets, equipped with sensors, allow real-time monitoring and control of turret deformation during clamping and manufacturing of aeronautical parts. As a first step, deformation monitoring is carried out within the defined tolerance of ± 0.15, which allows a control point to be established in the turret. Future analysis of the sensor data will allow correlations with process quality variables to be established. Remarkably, the optimised version of the turret after applying DED technology weighed only 2.2 kg, significantly lighter than the original 6 kg version. Additive manufacturing and the use of lightweight structures for fixture fabrication, followed by the addition of sensors, provide valuable information and control, improving process efficiency and part quality. This research contributes to the development of intelligent and efficient tool systems for aeronautical applications.
Open Access
Advancements and methodologies in directed energy deposition (DED-Arc) manufacturing: design strategies, material hybridization, process optimization and artificial intelligence
(IntechOpen, 2024-09-27) Uralde Jiménez, Virginia; Suárez, Alfredo; Veiga Suárez, Fernando; Villanueva Roldán, Pedro; Ballesteros Egüés, Tomás; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC
This chapter explores the latest advancements and methodologies in directed energy deposition (DED-arc) manufacturing. The introduction sets the stage for understanding the significance of these developments in the context of modern manufacturing needs. The discussion includes design strategies for DED-arc, emphasizing topological optimization, functional design, and generative design, alongside the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in enhancing design processes. Innovative approaches to material hybridization are detailed, focusing on both multilayer and in situ techniques for combining different materials to optimize component performance. The paper also covers slicing and pathing, examining slicing strategies, the use of lattice structures, and the implementation of 2D and 3D patterns to improve manufacturing efficiency and product quality. The conclusion summarizes key findings, discusses their implications for the additive manufacturing industry, and suggests potential future research directions in DED-arc technology, highlighting the emerging trends and innovations that are shaping the field.
Open Access
AI-driven predictive modeling of homogeneous bead geometry for WAAM processes
(Springer, 2025-07-15) Fernández Zabalza, Aitor; Rodríguez Díaz, Álvaro; Veiga Suárez, Fernando; Suárez, Alfredo; Uralde Jiménez, Virginia; Ballesteros Egüés, Tomás; Alfaro López, José Ramón; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
With the increasing number of applications employing additive manufacturing solutions, these deposition processes must become more autonomous, which can be helped by the application of machine learning monitoring. This study presents a fully online, low-cost framework for real-time quality control in Invar wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). Synchronized current and voltage signals are transformed into spatial heatmaps and temporal Markov transition images, which are processed by an optimized ResNet-18 to classify the quality of each layer on-the-fly. Validation using cross-validation on an internal Invar dataset yields an accuracy of up to 94% under clean conditions, with inference times below 20 ms per layer, enabling deployment during natural cooling between layers. These results demonstrate the feasibility of non-intrusive signal-based anomaly detection, enabling rapid identification of weld spalls and useful for scalable and automated WAAM monitoring in industrial environments.
Open Access
Augmented reality for intramuscular injection training: a cluster randomized controlled trial
(Elsevier, 2025-07-01) Soto Ruiz, María Nelia; Escalada Hernández, Paula; Bujanda Sainz de Murieta, Arantxa; Ballesteros Egüés, Tomás; Larráyoz Jiménez, Ana; San Martín Rodríguez, Leticia; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC
Background: The acquisition of clinical skills, such as intramuscular injection, is crucial in nursing education, traditionally taught through theory and practice. Recent studies suggest that augmented reality (AR) enhances students' learning. Aim: To evaluate the effect of an augmented reality application (ARSim2care) for training intramuscular injections technique among undergraduate nursing students. Methods: A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted. A total of 72 nursing students participated in the study (32 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group). Sociodemographic variables and dependent variables such as knowledge, skills, satisfaction and self-confidence with learning were measured. Results: The groups showed statistically significant differences in age. Knowledge acquisition in the intervention group was 0.56 points higher, this difference was statistically significant. No significant differences were found in technical skills, satisfaction and self-confidence although both groups showed positive results. Conclusions: The ARSim2care application enhanced nursing students' theoretical knowledge of intramuscular injections, although no significant improvements in technical skills were observed. Augmented reality shows potential as an educational tool; however, further research is required to evaluate its long-term effectiveness.
Open Access
Symmetry analysis in wire arc direct energy deposition for overlapping and oscillatory strategies in mild steel
(MDPI, 2023) Uralde Jiménez, Virginia; Veiga Suárez, Fernando; Suárez, Alfredo; Aldalur, Eider; Ballesteros Egüés, Tomás; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza
The field of additive manufacturing has experienced a surge in popularity over recent decades, particularly as a viable alternative to traditional metal part production. Directed energy deposition (DED) is one of the most promising additive technologies, characterized by its high deposition rate, with wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) being a prominent example. Despite its advantages, DED is known to produce parts with suboptimal surface quality and geometric accuracy, which has been a major obstacle to its widespread adoption. This is due, in part, to a lack of understanding of the complex geometries produced by the additive layer. To address this challenge, researchers have focused on characterizing the geometry of the additive layer, particularly the outer part of the bead. This paper specifically investigates the geometrical characteristics and symmetry of walls produced by comparing two different techniques: an oscillated strategy and overlapping beads.
Open Access
Development of an inexpensive rollover energy dissipation device to improve safety provided by ROPS
(Elsevier, 2019-02-21) Latorre Biel, Juan Ignacio; Ballesteros Egüés, Tomás; Arana Navarro, Ignacio; Alfaro López, José Ramón; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC
Open Access
Design, manufacturing, validation of a multi-orientation tilt test bench for testing vehicles rollover and tests of ATV-Quad for agricultural applications
(MDPI, 2021) Bacaicoa Díaz, Julen; Ballesteros Egüés, Tomás; Arana Navarro, Ignacio; Aginaga García, Jokin; Latorre Biel, Juan Ignacio; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC
A rollover test bench has been designed, manufactured, and validated for analyzing the all-terrain vehicle (ATV)-Quad overturn of diverse vehicles in different configurations, such as installing a rollover protection system (ROPS), considering drivers of different physical constitutions, the appropriate use of safety belts, or having a full or empty fuel tank. The main purpose of this research is to determine the tilt angle of the vehicle that triggers the ATV-Quad overturn. The scope of the design and development of the newly conceived bench include the mechanical structure, the electronics and the control. It can simulate static and dynamic rollover in different directions. As a main conclusion, it can be stated that the performance of the test bench was successful, since it allowed for the development of several ATV models, equipped with different dummies, in a variety of configurations. In particular, it was possible to assess the effectivity of the AD-ROPS system (automatically deployed ROPS), regarding the protection of the driver of the vehicle. Moreover, multiple tests, performed with diverse ATV-Quads in the developed bench and in different configurations, have been reported and their results discussed.
Open Access
Diseño, fabricación y ensayo de estructuras autodesplegables de protección al vuelco (AD-ROPS)
(2015) Ballesteros Egüés, Tomás; Arana Navarro, Ignacio; Alfaro López, José Ramón; Proyectos e Ingeniería Rural; Landa Ingeniaritza eta Proiektuak
En esta tesis se desarrolla una ROPS (Roll Over Protection Structure) de despliegue automático, diseñado principalmente para tractores estrechos, utilizando infladores de airbag, capaces de aumentar al mismo tiempo la altura y la anchura superior de la estructura. Esta estructura, denominada E2D-ROPS, ha sido diseñada, construida y ensayada, comprobándose que esta configuración reduce el riesgo de rodadura continua, aumenta la zona de seguridad en caso de vuelco lateral y permite una mayor flexión en las secciones críticas, por lo que el tamaño de las vigas puede reducirse. Utilizando un programa de elementos finitos, se ha calculado el tamaño de sus vigas, teniendo en cuenta la masa de los tractores en que puede ser instalada, para garantizar un resultado positivo de los ensayos del Código 6. En las distintas pruebas realizadas se analizaron los tiempos de activación y despliegue de la estructura, comprobándose que en el caso de dos airbag en el interior del E2D-ROPS, y al alcanzar una inclinación de 60º, el sistema se desplegaba y bloqueaba en su posición operativa en 102 ms, mientras que si sólo se activaba uno, este tiempo se incrementaba hasta los 312 ms, tiempo muy inferior al considerado necesario para un vuelco de estas características, que es de 750 ms, por lo que se evidencia que el sistema funciona de forma apropiada.
Open Access
Application-oriented data analytics in large-scale metal sheet bending
(MDPI, 2023) Penalva Oscoz, Mariluz; Martín, Ander; Martínez, Víctor; Veiga Suárez, Fernando; Gil del Val, Alain; Ballesteros Egüés, Tomás; Favieres Ruiz, Cristina; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza
The sheet-metal-forming process is crucial in manufacturing various products, including pipes, cans, and containers. Despite its significance, controlling this complex process is challenging and may lead to defects and inefficiencies. This study introduces a novel approach to monitor the sheet-metal-forming process, specifically focusing on the rolling of cans in the oil-and-gas sector. The methodology employed in this work involves the application of temporal-signal-processing and artificial-intelligence (AI) techniques for monitoring and optimizing the manufacturing process. Temporal-signal-processing techniques, such as Markov transition fields (MTFs), are utilized to transform time series data into images, enabling the identification of patterns and anomalies. synamic time warping (DTW) aligns time series data, accommodating variations in speed or timing across different rolling processes. K-medoids clustering identifies representative points, characterizing distinct phases of the rolling process. The results not only demonstrate the effectiveness of this framework in monitoring the rolling process but also lay the foundation for the practical application of these methodologies. This allows operators to work with a simpler characterization source, facilitating a more straightforward interpretation of the manufacturing process.