Generalizing max pooling via (a, b)-grouping functions for convolutional neural networks

Abstract

Due to their high adaptability to varied settings and effective optimization algorithm, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have set the state-of-the-art on image processing jobs for the previous decade. CNNs work in a sequential fashion, alternating between extracting significant features from an input image and aggregating these features locally through ‘‘pooling" functions, in order to produce a more compact representation. Functions like the arithmetic mean or, more typically, the maximum are commonly used to perform this downsampling operation. Despite the fact that many studies have been devoted to the development of alternative pooling algorithms, in practice, ‘‘max-pooling" still equals or exceeds most of these possibilities, and has become the standard for CNN construction. In this paper we focus on the properties that make the maximum such an efficient solution in the context of CNN feature downsampling and propose its replacement by grouping functions, a family of functions that share those desirable properties. In order to adapt these functions to the context of CNNs, we present (𝑎��, 𝑏��)- grouping functions, an extension of grouping functions to work with real valued data. We present different construction methods for (𝑎, 𝑏)-grouping functions, and demonstrate their empirical applicability for replacing max-pooling by using them to replace the pooling function of many well-known CNN architectures, finding promising results.