Investigaciones financiadas por la Unión Europea (OpenAire) - Europar Batasunak finantzatutako ikerketak (OpenAire)

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Open Access
The effect of flooding on mental health: lessons learned for building resilience
(American Geophysical Union, 2017) Foudi, Sébastien; Osés Eraso, Nuria; Galarraga, Ibon; Economía; Ekonomia
Risk management and climate adaptation literature focuses mainly on reducing the impacts of, exposure to, and vulnerability to extreme events such as floods and droughts. Posttraumatic stress disorder is one of the most important impacts related to these events, but also a relatively under-researched topic outside original psychopathological contexts. We conduct a survey to investigate the mental stress caused by floods. We focus on hydrological, individual, and collective drivers of posttraumatic stress. We assess stress with flood-specific health scores and the GHQ-12 General Health Questionnaire. Our findings show that the combination of water depth and flood velocity measured via a Hazard Class Index is an important stressor; and that mental health resilience can be significantly improved by providing the population with adequate information. More specifically, the paper shows that psychological distress can be reduced by (i) coordinating awareness of flood risks and flood protection and prevention behavior; (ii) developing the abil- ity to protect oneself from physical, material and intangible damage; (iii) designing simple insurance proce- dures and protocols for fast recovery; and (iv) learning from previous experiences.
Open Access
Engineers and scientists as commercial agents of the Spanish nuclear programme
(Palgrave Macmillan, 2018) Torre Campo, Joseba de la; Rubio Varas, María del Mar; Sanz Lafuente, María Gloria; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Economía
We aim at analysing the role of engineers and scientists as agents of economic modernization in Spain, which at the time was an underdeveloped economy ruled by an authoritarian regime.
Open Access
Nuclear engineering and technology transfer: the Spanish strategies to deal with US, French and German nuclear manufacturers, 1955–1985
(Routledge, 2020) Torre Campo, Joseba de la; Rubio Varas, María del Mar; Sánchez Sánchez, Esther M.; Sanz Lafuente, María Gloria; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Economía
We analysed the process of construction and connection to the electrical grid of four Spanish nuclear power plants with different financial and technological foreign partners: those of Zorita (PWR by Westinghouse), Garoña (BWR by General Electric) and Vandellós I (GCR by EDF) (belonging to the first generation of atomic plants and producing electricity from 1969–72) and that of Trillo I (PWR by KWU, connected in 1988). These four examples allow us to observe how the learning curve of nuclear engineering and the acquisition of skills by Spanish companies evolved. Progressively the domestic industry achieved higher levels of participation, fostered by the Ministry of Industry and Energy. When the atomic plants under construction were paralysed by the nuclear moratorium of 1984, and several other projects were abandoned by the utilities along the way, Spain had developed an industrial sector around the fabrication of service components and engineering for nuclear power plants to compete internationally.
Open Access
Nuclear power for a dictatorship: state and business involvement in the Spanish atomic program 1950-1985
(SAGE, 2016) Rubio Varas, María del Mar; Torre Campo, Joseba de la; Economía; Ekonomia
Spain was the first developing country to exploit a nuclear power plant commercially. By the early 1970s Spain had become the major nuclear client of the USA, the world’s largest reactor exporter. Despite its importance, historians are just beginning to revisit and establish the sequence of the events that make up Spain’s nuclear history. This article analyses the role played by the state in enabling one of Western Europe’s poorest countries to join the exclusive nuclear power club. In a departure from the technological approach used in previous literature, the history of Spain’s progress in the nuclear power field is retraced against the background of its political and economic evolution.
Open Access
Quantifying the mortality impact of the 1935 old-age assistance
(Oxford, 2022) Galofré-Vilà, Gregori; McKee, Martin; Stuckler, David; Economía; Ekonomia
In 1935, the United States introduced the old-age assistance (OAA) program, a means-tested program to help the elderly poor. The OAA improved retirement conditions and aimed to enable older persons to live independently. We use the transition from early elderly plans to OAA and the large differences in payments and eligibility across states to show that OAA reduced mortality by between 30 and 39 percent among those older than 65 years. This finding, based on an event study design, is robust to a range of specifications, a range of fixed effects, placebo tests, and a border-pair policy discontinuity design using county-level data. The largest mortality reductions came from drops in communicable and infectious diseases, such as influenza and nephritis, and mostly affected white citizens.
Open Access
Selecting freight transportation modes in last-mile urban distribution in Pamplona (Spain): an option for drone delivery in smart cities
(MDPI, 2021) Serrano Hernández, Adrián; Ballano Biurrun, Aitor; Faulín Fajardo, Javier; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Estadística, Informática y Matemáticas; Estatistika, Informatika eta Matematika; Economía; Ekonomia
Urban distribution in medium-sized cities faces a major challenge, mainly when deliveries are difficult in the city center due to: an increase of e-commerce, weak public transportation system, and the promotion of urban sustainability plans. As a result, private cars, public transportation, and freight transportation compete for the same space. This paper analyses the current state for freight logistics in the city center of Pamplona (Spain) and proposes alternative transportation routes and transportation modes in the last-mile city center distribution according to different criteria evaluated by residents. An analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was developed. A number of alternatives have been assessed considering routes and transportation modes: the shortest route criterion and avoiding some city center area policies are combined with traditional van-based, bike, and aerial (drone) distribution protocols for delivering parcels and bar/restaurant supplies. These alternatives have been evaluated within a multicriteria framework in which economic, environmental, and social objectives are considered at the same time. The point in this multicriteria framework is that the criteria/alternative AHP weights and priorities have been set according to a survey deployed in the city of Pamplona (Navarre, Spain). The survey and AHP results show the preference for the use of drone or bike distribution in city center in order to reduce social and environmental issues.
Open Access
Validated short country reports
(2019) Rubio Varas, María del Mar (compiladora); Economía; Ekonomia
This is the longest of the deliverables produced by the research consortium HoNEST (short for "History of Nuclear Energy and Society". HoNESt's central objective was to understand how societies have engaged with nuclear energy, and how the nuclear energy sector has engaged with societies, and how this has changed over the course of the past 60 years.The very objective of the Short Country Reports (SCR) is to provide social scientists with the empirical basis to be drawn upon for perception and engagement studies. Historians were asked to provide specific evidence for the identification of: events, actors, arguments, behaviours, and types of public engagements encountered over the past 60 years across 20 countries. This framework is simple enough to host data from very different political, social and ideological environments, while some variations in the basic structure of the SCRs are unavoidable. As a result, the SCRs are a distinct product from either what the historians or the social scientists would have produced on their own in the absence of the collaborative framework favored by the HoNESt structure.
Open Access
Wealth inequality in Catalonia, 1400-1800. Sources, data and a case study
(Firenze University Press, 2020) García Montero, Héctor; Economía; Ekonomia
This work is part of the research carried out within the EINITE and SMITE projects for the case of Catalonia. In this chapter, firstly, a brief state of the art of research carried out in recent years on the evolution of economic inequality in the pre-industrial world is traced. Subsequently, through the previously existing literature and the study of the empirical evidence compiled for this work, the characteristics of the fiscal sources available for some Catalan localities, i.e. the books of estimes, values or manifests, and the sample of localities studied in the EINITE/SMITE projects are described in detail. The second part of the work focuses on the analysis of a case study, the town of Balaguer.
Open Access
Wealth inequality in pre-industrial England: a long-term view (late thirteenth to sixteenth centuries)
(Economic History Society, 2022) Alfani, Guido; García Montero, Héctor; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Economía
This article provides an overview of wealth inequality in England from the late thirteenth to the sixteenth century, based on a novel database of distributions of taxable household wealth across 17 counties plus London. To account for high thresholds of fiscal exemption, a new method is introduced to reconstruct complete distributions from left-censored observations. First, we analyse inequality at the county level, finding an impressive stability across time in the relative position of the English counties, perturbed only by the tendency of the South and South-East to become relatively more inegalitarian. Then, we produce an aggregate distribution representative of England as a whole, and we detect an overall tendency for inequality to grow from medieval to early modern times due largely to North-South divergence in average household wealth. We discuss our results in the light of the recent literature on historical inequality.

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