Artículos de revista - Aldizkari artikuluak

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Open Access
Concurrent aerobic plus resistance exercise versus aerobic exercise alone to improve health outcomes in paediatric obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis
(BMJ, 2018) García Hermoso, Antonio; Ramírez-Vélez, R.; Ramírez Campillo, Rodrigo; Peterson, Mark Dean; Martínez Vizcaíno, Vicente; Ramírez Vélez, Robinson; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak
Objective To determine if the combination of aerobic and resistance exercise is superior to aerobic exercise alone for the health of obese children and adolescents. Design Systematic review with meta-analysis. Data sources Computerised search of 3 databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry). Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Studies that compared the effect of supervised concurrent exercise versus aerobic exercise interventions, with anthropometric and metabolic outcomes in paediatric obesity (6–18 years old). The mean differences (MD) of the parameters from preintervention to postintervention between groups were pooled using a random-effects model. Results 12 trials with 555 youths were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with aerobic exercise alone, concurrent exercise resulted in greater reductions in body mass (MD=−2.28 kg), fat mass (MD=−3.49%; and MD=−4.34 kg) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (MD=−10.20 mg/dL); as well as greater increases in lean body mass (MD=2.20 kg) and adiponectin level (MD=2.59 μg/mL). Differences were larger for longer term programmes (>24 weeks). Summary Concurrent aerobic plus resistance exercise improves body composition, metabolic profiles, and inflammatory state in the obese paediatric population. Trial registration number CRD42016039807.
Open Access
Extra-virgin olive oil enriched with lycopene: from industrial tomato by-products to consumer
(Wiley, 2024) Fernández Pan, Idoya; Horvitz Szoichet, Sandra Susana; Ibáñez Moya, Francisco C.; Arroqui Vidaurreta, Cristina; Beriain Apesteguía, María José; Virseda Chamorro, Paloma; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Lycopene is usually extracted from the by-product of the tomato industry using organic solvents (OS) in combination with a physical technique. An emerging physical technique is high-pressure processing (HPP). This study aims to find a method by applying a green solvent (edible vegetable oils) in an HPP-assisted solid-liquid extraction. Three dosages of tomato by-product (10%, 20%, and 40%, w/v) were tested using OS, sunflower oil (RSO), and extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO). Lycopene recovery increased with the ratio of by-product to oil, particularly when using EVOO. In another stage of the study, consumers evaluated EVOO that contained two doses of tomato by-product (10% and 20%, w/v). Consumers preferred the EVOO from 10% tomato by-product ratio over that with 20%. Additionally, 83.8% of consumers stated that enriched oil could be deemed beneficial for health. The proposed method considers the fundamental principles of the circular economy and practical industrial scenario to recover lycopene from tomato by-product.
Open Access
Derecho ambiental: interconectividad y reflexión desde Lévinas
(Dom Helder, 2024) Bertoncini, Carla; Pavelski, Bruna Guesso Scarmagnan; Derecho; Zuzenbidea
El objetivo general de este artículo desde la perspectiva del derecho ambiental es resal-tar los problemas ambientales cada vez más presentes en Brasil, que surgen como conse-cuencia del incumplimiento de las disposi-ciones constitucionales brasileñas y de los instrumentos de protección internacional. El propósito de la investigación consistió en examinar cómo el sistema legal brasileño ha tratado y brindado protección al medio ambiente desde la perspectiva del principio de alteridad propuesto por Lévinas, en que se considera fundamental la importancia de reconocer el medio ambiente como un recurso transgeneracional. Además, se pre-tende examinar la imperativa reflexión so-bre la preservación de ‘nuestra casa común’, tal como lo plantea Laudato Si, la carta encíclica del Santo Papa Francisco. Con el fin de alcanzar tal objetivo, se realizó una revisión de investigaciones bibliográficas y legislación, aplicando el enfoque del méto-do hipotético-deductivo. Como resultado, se demuestra de manera concluyente la urgente necesidad de poner en práctica la alteridad. Sin lugar a dudas, se llega a la de-ducción de que el actual sistema capitalista debe ser afrontado directamente, dado que, debido a la cultura del egoísmo y la falta de responsabilidad, ya es posible observar el inicio de la escasez de los recursos naturales que son indispensables para la vida, espe-cialmente para la vida humana.
Embargo
'Opportunistic care': a focus group study of nurses' perspective on caring for long-term cancer survivors and their families
(2024) Elizondo Rodríguez, Nerea; La Rosa-Salas, Virginia; Leite, Ana Carolina Andrade Biaggi; Domingo-Oslé, Marta; Nascimento, Lucila; García Vivar, Cristina; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak
Background: The global population of long-term cancer survivors is increasing, thanks to advances in treatments and care. Healthcare systems are working to address the unique needs of these individuals. However, there remains a knowledge gap concerning nurses' view on cancer survivorship care. Objective: To identify nurses' perspective of care for long-term cancer survivors and their families. Methods: This qualitative descriptive study used 5 focus groups comprising 33 nurses from primary healthcare and specialized oncology care. Data analysis was conducted through thematic analysis, and the study received ethical approval. Results: Long-term cancer survivors and their families often remained unrecognized as a distinct group within the healthcare system. Consequently, nurses provide what can be termed as opportunistic care during nurse-survivor encounters, addressing health needs beyond the purpose of the initial healthcare visit. This absence of a systematic or structured approach for this patient group has prompted nurses to seek the establishment of a comprehensive framework through survivorship care plans, thus ensuring a continuum of care for this specific population. Conclusion: The lack of a structured approach to caring for long-term cancer survivors and their families, often invisible as a distinct population group, results in nurses providing care on an opportunistic basis. Implications for practice: It is crucial to develop and implement survivorship care plans tailored to this population's needs. Simultaneously, it is important to advance research in this area and establish an educational framework for nurses, enabling them to effectively address the care of long-term cancer survivors and their families.
Embargo
Compassion fatigue: a comprehensive discussion on its development and repercussions among oncology nurses
(Grune & Stratton, 2024) Santos, Louise Bittecourt Paes Abreu dos; Alvarenga, Willyane de Andrade; Leite, Ana Carolina Andrade Biaggi; Neris, Rhyquelle Rhibna.; Lima, Regina Aparecida Garcia de; Montigny, Francine de; Verdon, Chantal; Nascimento, Lucila Castanheira; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak
Objectives: This study aimed to discuss how compassion fatigue (CF) develops and its repercussions on the personal and professional lives of oncology nurses. Methods: A discursive article, with systematic searches were performed in seven databases to find publications on CF in oncology nurses. Results: So as to better organize the findings, three categories were developed to present and discuss issues related to CF: (1) Characteristics of CF and its developments: describes the components related to CF and the manifestation of this phenomenon; (2) Repercussions of compassion fatigue: reports on the impact of CF on the personal and professional life of oncology nurses; and (3) Resources for dealing with compassion fatigue: lists interventions, sources of support, professional personal training, qualified nursing care in the face of adversity, and gratitude and recognition. Conclusion: the factors that trigger or protect CF are multifactorial, with the need for collective and individual interventions as a way of helping oncology nurses to protect themselves, to avoid or manage this phenomenon. CF has a direct clinical impact on the life of the oncology nurse, causing several changes. It also indirectly impacts the patient's life clinically, as it is a phenomenon that has repercussions on the provision of care. Implications for Nursing Practice: CF affects the personal and professional lives of oncology nurses, so nurses need to seek resources to deal with it. Nursing staff employers and managers can use the evidence from this research to help nurses manage and protect themselves from compassion fatigue.
Open Access
The role of active and passive resistance in new technology adoption by final consumers: the case of 3D printing
(Elsevier, 2024) Villanueva Orbaiz, María Luisa; Arce Urriza, Marta; Gestión de Empresas; Enpresen Kudeaketa; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Universida Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
From a model or digital design, 3D printing is a set of “additive” manufacturing technologies capable of creating a 3-dimensional object. The maxim “If you can draw it, you can print it” defines the possibilities this technology offers. Society was surprised that new digital technologies allowed the transformation of tangible products into intangible products. Currently, 3D printing provides the opposite possibility, allowing for the creation of new and customized products at the time and place the user needs. This implies a change of mind from a subtractive to an additive process in the industrial field and a true innovation from buying to home production in the domestic sphere.
Embargo
Social exclusion as a major outcome domain of psychotic disorders: early predictors, and associations with non-recovery and clinical staging 21 years after a first episode of psychosis
(Springer, 2024) Peralta Martín, Víctor; García de Jalón, Elena; Moreno-Izco, Lucía; Peralta, David; Janda-Galán, Lucía; Sánchez Torres, Ana María; Cuesta, Manuel J.; SEGPEPs Group; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
Purpose People with psychotic disorders have high levels of social exclusion; however, little is known about its early predictors. We present a long-term observational cohort study aimed at examining early risk factors for later social exclusion. Methods A total of 243 subjects were assessed at their frst psychotic episode for early risk factors including sociodemographic variables, familial risk of major mental disorders, perinatal complications, childhood factors, and adolescent factors and re-assessed after a mean follow-up of 21 years for 12 social exclusion domains: leisure activities, housing, work, income, neighborhood deprivation, educational attainment, physical and mental health, family and social support, legal competence, and discrimination. The ability of risk factors to predict social exclusion was examined using hierarchical linear regression. Results Overall social exclusion was independently predicted by low parental socio-economic status, length of follow-up, familial risk of schizophrenia, obstetric complications, neurodevelopmental delay, poor childhood adjustment, childhood adversity, poor adolescent social networks, poor adolescent adjustment, and low premorbid IQ. The model explained 58.2% of the variance in total social exclusion score. Each social exclusion domain was predicted by a diferent set of variables, which explained between 17.8 and 57.0% of their variance, although low socio-economic status, familial risk of schizophrenia, obstetric complications, childhood adversity, and poor social networks predicted most of the social exclusion domains. Conclusion Early risk factors strongly predicted later social exclusion. A multifaceted approach to preventing later social exclusion is crucial in people with a frst episode of psychosis and early risk factors of social exclusion.
Open Access
Incidence and risk factors of the COVID-19 pandemic: an epidemiological approach
(MDPI, 2023) Arnedo-Pena, Alberto; Guillén Grima, Francisco; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak
After three years of the COVID-19 pandemic, its significant impact on global health is evident, with varying mortality, incidence, and fatality rates across different regions. Studies estimate over 40% of the world's population has been infected. The pandemic has disproportionately affected low-income countries and vulnerable groups. A Special Issue in Epidemiologia focused on the epidemiology of COVID-19, examining high-risk groups, including long-term care home residents and staff, healthcare workers, and patients with chronic mental illness. Findings highlighted factors influencing COVID-19 incidence and mortality, such as facility conditions and staff ratios. Despite vaccination efforts reducing the severity of infections, transmission remains high, and ongoing research is crucial to manage new variants and future pandemics.
Open Access
La figura del arrepentido y la justicia penal negociada: a propósito de la reciente incorporación de nuevas cláusulas premiales en el Código Penal (arts. 262.3 y 288 bis CP)
(Tirant lo Blanch, 2023) Jericó Ojer, Leticia; Derecho; Zuzenbidea
La reforma operada por LO 14/2022, de 22 de diciembre, ha supuesto la modificación de la atenuación premial prevista para el delito de malversación (art. 434 CP) y fundamentalmente la inclusión de nuevas cláusulas premiales aplicables a conductas delictivas que afectarían a la libre competencia y que son de aplicación al delito de alteración de precios en concursos y subastas públicas (art. 262.3 CP), la detracción de materias primas o productos de primera necesidad (art. 281) y la alteración de precios (art. 288 bis CP). Sirven estas novedades para abrir de nuevo el debate sobre la legitimidad del Derecho penal premial aplicable a la denominada figura del arrepentido, que tiene impacto no sólo en la posible atenuación o exención de la pena a imponer, sino también el ámbito de la ejecución de la pena.
Open Access
Sex-dependent effect of socioeconomic status on cardiovascular event risk in a population-based cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes
(Oxford University Press, 2024) Enguita Germán, Mónica; Tamayo Rodríguez, Ibai; Librero, Julián; Ballesteros-Domínguez, Asier; Oscoz-Villanueva, Ignacio; Galbete Jiménez, Arkaitz; Arnedo Ajona, Laura; Cambra Contin, Koldo; Gorricho Mendívil, Javier; Moreno Iribas, Conchi; Millán-Ortuondo, Eduardo; Ibáñez Beroiz, Berta; Estadística, Informática y Matemáticas; Estatistika, Informatika eta Matematika; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak; Gestión de Empresas; Enpresen Kudeaketa
Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) factors often result in profound health inequalities among populations, and their impact may differ between sexes. The aim of this study was to estimate and compare the effect of socioeconomic status indicators on incident cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related events among males and females with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: A population-based cohort from a southern European region including 24,650 patients with T2D was followed for five years. The sex-specific associations between SES indicators and the first occurring CVD event were modeled using multivariate Fine-Gray competing risk models. Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and stroke were considered secondary outcomes. Results: Patients without a formal education had a significantly higher risk of CVD than those with a high school or university education, with adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) equal to 1.24 (95%CI: 1.09-1.41) for males and 1.50 (95%CI: 1.09-2.06) for females. Patients with <18 000euro income had also higher CVD risk than those with >= 18 000euro, with HRs equal to 1.44 (95%CI: 1.29-1.59) for males and 1.42 (95%CI: 1.26-1.60) for females. Being immigrant showed a HR equal to 0.81 (95%CI: 0.66-0.99) for males and 1.13 (95%CI: 0.68-1.87) for females. Similar results were observed for stroke, but differed for CHD when income is used, which had higher effect in females. Conclusion: Socioeconomic inequalities in CVD outcomes are present among T2D patients, and their magnitude for educational attainment is sex-dependent, being higher in females, suggesting the need to consider them when designing tailored primary prevention and management strategies.
Open Access
Orígenes y trayectoria de la industria de combustible nuclear en España: ENUSA, 1972-2022
(Asociación Española de Historia Económica, 2024) Sánchez Sánchez, Esther M.; López García, Santiago M.; Torre Campo, Joseba de la; Economía; Ekonomia
El objetivo de este artículo es examinar el despliegue de la fabricación industrial de combustible nuclear en España, una actividad altamente especializada ligada a la Empresa Nacional del Uranio SA (ENUSA) y al suministro de tecnología extranjera (Westinghouse y General Electric). ENUSA surgió, a iniciativa del Gobierno y con el apoyo del sector privado, para satisfacer las necesidades de combustible de un programa nuclear tremendamente ambicioso, que luego se redujo a una cuarta parte de lo previsto. Tras algunos años de incertidumbre, la empresa pública logró superar con éxito las dificultades derivadas de la reconversión industrial y el cambio en la política energética del Gobierno, llegando al siglo xxi como una compañía no meramente super-viviente, sino líder en su sector de actividad: su planta de Juzbado (Salamanca) se ha convertido en un referente tecnológico e industrial, con amplias externalidades geográficas y sectoriales. En definitiva, a partir un amplio abanico de fuentes mayoritariamente de origen archivístico, trataremos de reconstruir los orígenes de ENUSA y de buscar en el pasado las razones de su posición actual.
Open Access
Somatic CAG repeat instability in intermediate alleles of the HTT gene and its potential association with a clinical phenotype
(Springer Nature, 2024) Ruiz de Sabando, Ainara; Ciosi, Marc; Galbete Jiménez, Arkaitz; Cumming, Sarah A.; Monckton, Darren G..; Ramos Arroyo, María A.; Álvarez, Victoria; Martínez-Descals, Asunción; Mila, Montserrat; Trujillo-Tiebas, María José; López-Sendón, José Luis; Fenollar-Cortés, María; Legarda, Inés; Bernal Noguera, Sara; Millán, J. M.; Durán-Herrera, C.; Ruiz-Martínez, Javier; Ruiz Onandi, Rebeca; Estadística, Informática y Matemáticas; Estatistika, Informatika eta Matematika
Huntington disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by ≥36 CAGs in the HTT gene. Intermediate alleles (IAs) (27–35 CAGs) are not considered HD-causing, but their potential association with neurocognitive symptoms remains controversial. As HTT somatic CAG expansion influences HD onset, we hypothesised that IAs are somatically unstable, and that somatic CAG expansion may drive phenotypic presentation in some IA carriers. We quantified HTT somatic CAG expansions by MiSeq sequencing in the blood DNA of 164 HD subjects and 191 IA (symptomatic and control) carriers, and in the brain DNA of a symptomatic 33 CAG carrier. We also performed genotype-phenotype analysis. The phenotype of symptomatic IA carriers was characterised by motor (85%), cognitive (27%) and/or behavioural (29%) signs, with a late (58.7 ± 18.6 years), but not CAG-dependent, age at onset. IAs displayed somatic expansion that were CAG and age-dependent in blood DNA, with 0.4% and 0.01% of DNA molecules expanding by CAG and year, respectively. Somatic expansions of +1 and +2 CAGs were detected in the brain of the individual with 33 CAGs, with the highest expansion frequency in the putamen (10.3%) and the lowest in the cerebellum (4.8%). Somatic expansion in blood DNA was not different in symptomatic vs. control IA carriers. In conclusion, we show that HTT IAs are somatically unstable, but we found no association with HD-like phenotypes. It is plausible, however, that some IAs, close to the HD pathological threshold and with a predisposing genetic background, could manifest with neurocognitive symptoms.
Open Access
Valuing the contribution of sport volunteering to subjective wellbeing: evidence from eight European countries
(Frontiers Media, 2024) Kokolakakis, Themis; Schoemaker, Jelle; Lera López, Fernando; Boer, Willem de; Čingienė, Vilma; Papić, Alma; Ahlert, Gerd; Economía; Ekonomia
Introduction: Volunteering is a prominent and integral aspect of the activities undertaken by sports clubs in Europe. However, even with its growing importance, quantifying the monetary worth of this nonmarket activity, in terms of wellbeing, can present certain difficulties. Traditional approaches to valuing volunteering (i.e., replacement and opportunity cost approaches) do not fully capture the value of volunteering to individuals, as they do not consider the intangible benefits that individuals may derive from their participation. Methods: This research provides added value to the monetisation of volunteering in sport by applying the wellbeing valuation approach (WVA) for the first time to a cross-sectional data in eight European countries. A double instrumental variable approach was developed to correct for unobservable variables that may influence the pairs: income and subjective wellbeing (SWB), and volunteering and SWB. This allows to estimate the causal impact of volunteering and income on SWB more accurately and assign a reasonable monetary value to this non-market activity. Results: The results, based on a sample size of 1,091, show an income compensation for a volunteer, devoting on average 8.7 hours during a four-week period of €16 to €50 per hour, equivalent to between € 1,700 and € 5,200 per year, depending on the nationality of the volunteer. Discussion: With these estimations insights into the value of volunteering in sports are provided, contributing to a better understanding of how this activity can be valued and supported. By recognising and accurately valuing the contributions of volunteers, sport organizations and policymakers can develop more effective strategies for promoting and supporting volunteering in sports.
Open Access
Vitamin D and risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the SUN project: a prospective cohort study
(Springer, 2024) Valer-Martínez, A.; Sayón-Orea, Carmen; Martínez, J. Alfredo; Basterra Gortari, Francisco Javier; Martínez González, Miguel Ángel; Bes-Rastrollo, Maira; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak
Purpose: Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with multiple chronic diseases, including metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aim of the study was to analyze the association between validated predicted serum vitamin D status and the risk of developing T2D in a large prospective cohort based on a Mediterranean population. Methods: The SUN project is a prospective and dynamic Spanish cohort that gathers university graduates who have answered lifestyle questionnaires, including a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire. The association between predicted serum vitamin D and the risk of T2D was assessed through Cox regression models according to quartiles (Q) of predicted vitamin D at baseline. The models were adjusted for potential confounders and sensitivity analyses were performed to ensure the robustness of our findings. Results: Our study included a total of 18,594 participants and after a total follow-up of 238,078 person-years (median follow-up of 13.5 years), 209 individuals were diagnosed with incident T2D. We found a significant inverse association between predicted levels of serum vitamin D and the risk of developing T2D, after adjusting for potential confounders and performing different sensitivity analyses (hazard ratio Q4 vs. Q1: 0.48, 95% CI 0.26¿0.88; p for trend = 0.032). Conclusion: The outcomes suggest that higher levels of vitamin D at baseline may be associated with a reduced risk of developing T2D.
Open Access
Low serum levels of prealbumin, retinol binding protein, and retinol are frequent in adult type 1 diabetic patients
(Wiley, 2016) Forga, Lluís; Bolado Concejo, Federico; Goñi, María José; Tamayo Rodríguez, Ibai; Ibáñez Beroiz, Berta; Prieto, Carlos; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak
Aim. To determine the serum prealbumin (PA), retinol binding protein (RBP), and retinol levels in adult patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and to analyze some factors related to those levels. Methods. A total of 93 patients (47 women) were studied. Age, gender, BMI, duration of diabetes, chronic complications, HbA1c, lipid profile, creatinine, albumin, PA, RBP, and retinol were recorded. High and low parameter groups were compared by Mann-Whitney U and ¿2 tests. Correlation between parameters was analyzed by Spearman's test. Odds of low levels were analyzed by univariate logistic regression and included in the multivariate analysis when significant. Results. 49.5%, 48.4%, and 30.1% of patients displayed serum PA, RBP, and retinol levels below normal values, respectively. A high correlation (Rho > 0.8) between PA, RBP, and retinol serum levels was found. Patients presenting low levels of any of them were predominantly women, normal-weighted, and with lower levels of triglycerides and serum creatinine. No differences in age, macrovascular complications, duration of diabetes, or HbA1c values were observed when comparing low and normal parameter groups. Conclusion. Low serum levels of PA, RBP, and retinol are frequent in T1D adult patients. This alteration is influenced by female sex and serum creatinine and triglyceride levels.
Open Access
Impact of a short-term nitrate and citrulline co-supplementation on sport performance in elite rowers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial
(Springer, 2024) Viribay, Aitor; Alcántara Alcántara, Juan Manuel; López, Iker; Mielgo Ayuso, Juan; Castañeda-Babarro, Arkaitz; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak
Purpose: Citrulline (CIT) and beetroot extract (BR) have separately shown benefits in rowing performance-related outcomes. However, effects of combined supplementation remain to be elucidated. The main purpose of this research was to study the effects of 1 week of daily co-supplementation of 3.5 g BR (500 mg NO3−) plus 6 g CIT on aerobic performance, maximal strength, and high-intensity power and peak stroke in elite male rowers compared to a placebo and to a BR supplementation. Methods: 20 elite rowers participated in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial completing 1 week of supplementation in each group of study: Placebo group (PLAG); BR group (BRG); and BR + CIT group (BR-CITG). 3 main physical tests were performed: aerobic performance, Wingate test and CMJ jump, and metabolic biomarkers and physiological outcomes were collected. Results: The Wingate all-out test showed no between-condition differences in peak power, mean power, relative power, or fatigue index (P > 0.05), but clearance of lactate was better in BR-CITG (P < 0.05). In the performance test, peak power differed only between PLAG and BR-CITG (P = 0.036), while VO2peak and maximum heart rate remained similar. CMJ jumping test results showed no between-condition differences, and blood samples were consistent (P > 0.200). Conclusion: Supplementation with 3.5 g of BR extract plus 6 g of CIT for 7 days improved lactate clearance after Wingate test and peak power in a performance test. No further improvements were found, suggesting longer period of supplementation might be needed to show greater benefits.
Open Access
Special issue: feature papers in Eng 2022
(MDPI, 2023) Gil Bravo, Antonio; Ciencias; Zientziak; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2
The aim of this second Eng Special Issue is to collect experimental and theoretical re-search relating to engineering science and technology. The general topics published in Eng are as follows: electrical, electronic and information engineering; chemical and materials engineering; energy engineering; mechanical and automotive engineering; industrial and manufacturing engineering; civil and structural engineering; aerospace engineering; biomedical engineering; geotechnical engineering and engineering geology; and ocean and environmental engineering. This editorial is an overview of the selected representative studies on these topics. This book contains 33 papers, including 2 Review papers and 1 Communication, published by several authors interested in new cutting-edge developments in the field of engineering. Recently, a subcategory of nanotechnology—nano- and microcontainers—has developed rapidly, with unexpected results. Nano- and microcontainers refer to hollow spherical structures in which the shells can be organic or inorganic. These containers can be filled with substances released when excited and can be used in corrosion healing, cancer therapy, cement healing, antifouling, etc. In the first review, the author summarizes the various innovative technologies that have beneficial effects on improving people’s lives [1].
Open Access
Guidelines to compare semantic segmentation maps at different resolutions
(IEEE, 2024) Ayala Lauroba, Christian; Aranda, Carlos; Galar Idoate, Mikel; Estadística, Informática y Matemáticas; Estatistika, Informatika eta Matematika; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Choosing the proper ground sampling distance (GSD) is a vital decision in remote sensing, which can determine the success or failure of a project. Higher resolutions may be more suitable for accurately detecting objects, but they also come with higher costs and require more computing power. Semantic segmentation is a common task in remote sensing where GSD plays a crucial role. In semantic segmentation, each pixel of an image is classified into a predefined set of classes, resulting in a semantic segmentation map. However, comparing the results of semantic segmentation at different GSDs is not straightforward. Unlike scene classification and object detection tasks, which are evaluated at scene and object level, respectively, semantic segmentation is typically evaluated at pixel level. This makes it difficult to match elements across different GSDs, resulting in a range of methods for computing metrics, some of which may not be adequate. For this reason, the purpose of this work is to set out a clear set of guidelines for fairly comparing semantic segmentation results obtained at various spatial resolutions. Additionally, we propose to complement the commonly used scene-based pixel-wise metrics with region-based pixel-wise metrics, allowing for a more detailed analysis of the model performance. The set of guidelines together with the proposed region-based metrics are illustrated with building and swimming pool detection problems. The experimental study demonstrates that by following the proposed guidelines and the proposed region-based pixel-wise metrics, it is possible to fairly compare segmentation maps at different spatial resolutions and gain a better understanding of the model's performance. To promote the usage of these guidelines and ease the computation of the new region-based metrics, we create the seg-eval Python library and make it publicly available at https://github.com/itracasa/ seg-eval.
Open Access
On the genesis of a catalyst: a brief review with an experimental case study
(MDPI, 2023) Yunes, Simón; Kenvin Jeffrey; Gil Bravo, Antonio; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2
The science of catalysis has a direct impact on the world economy and the energy environment that positively affects the environmental ecosystem of our universe. Any catalyst, before being tested in a reaction, must undergo a specific characterization protocol to simulate its behavior under reaction conditions. In this work, these steps that must be carried out are presented, both generically and with examples, to the support and to the catalyst itself before and after the reaction. The first stage consists of knowing the textural and structural properties of the support used for the preparation of the catalysts. The specific surface area and the pore volume are fundamental properties, measured by N2 adsorption at −196 °C when preparing the catalyst, dispersing the active phase, and allowing the diffusion and reaction of the reactants and products on its surface. If knowing the structure of the catalyst is important to control its behavior against a reaction, being able to analyze the catalyst used under the reaction conditions is essential to have knowledge about what has happened inside the catalytic reactor. The most common characterization techniques in heterogeneous catalysis laboratories are those described in this work. As an application example, the catalytic conversion of CO2 to CH4 has been selected and summarized in this work. In this case, the synthesis and characterization of Cu and Ni catalysts supported on two Al2O3 with different textural properties, 92 and 310 m2/g, that allow for obtaining various metallic dispersions, between 3.3 and 25.5%, is described. The catalytic behavior of these materials is evaluated from the CO2 methanation reaction, as well as their stability from the properties they present before and after the reaction.
Open Access
Sociological genealogy of a non-teleological concept of evolution
(Frontiers Media, 2024) Beriain Rázquin, Josetxo; Gil Gimeno, Francisco Javier; Sánchez Capdequí, Celso; Institute for Advanced Social Research - ICOMMUNITAS
The aim of this article is to carry out a sociological-conceptual genealogy of the evolutionist perspective (non-teleological) of approaching social reality. While during the first phases of modernity, a teleological and progressive conception of evolution was imposed, clearly manifested in the proposals of Auguste Comte or Herbert Spencer, in the last decades important bifurcations, processes, and developments have emerged that question the linearity and the finalist character of these positions. We consider that these approaches are closer to the nature of change and social phenomena, so it seems important to us to analyze some of the most outstanding contributions—in the form of sociological genealogy, as we have already mentioned—that have developed this perspective. In order to carry out our task, we have organized four sections: In the first, we make a critique of the sociological evolutionism represented by Comte, Spencer, and Parsons, focusing on the limits of their proposals and the blind spots associated with them. Second, we will analyze the anti-teleological cognitive approaches of Donald and the importance they attach to cultural transmission as a key element for understanding the evolution of both cognition and human societies. In a third moment, we will analyze the coexistence in Weber’s work between the dynamics of ‘disenchantment’ and ‘re-enchantment’ of the world in modern societies, understood as the two sides of the same coin that are in constant dynamic tension and that break with the evolutionary vision that goes from magic through religion to science, or from belief to knowledge. In a fourth moment, we analyze the relevance of approaches focused on what we have called ‘multiple evolutions’ (plural) that collide with each other—the conflicting simultaneity of the non-simultaneous—of their rhythms and directions, inspired by the works of Knöbl, Koselleck, Luhmann, Rosa, Eisenstadt, Abbott, and Zerubavel, which pave the way for the construction of a non-teleological approach to evolution.