Open Access
Planoconcave lens by negative refraction of stacked subwavelength hole arrays
(Optical Society of America, 2008) Beruete Díaz, Miguel; Navarro Cía, Miguel; Sorolla Ayza, Mario; Campillo, Igor; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa
This work presents the design of a planoconcave parabolic negative index metamaterial lens operating at millimeter wavelengths fabricated by using stacked subwavelength hole arrays. A staircase approximation to the ideal parabola profile has been done by removing step by step one lattice in each dimension of the transversal section. Theory predicts power concentration at the focal point of the parabola when the refractive index equals -1. Both simulation and measurement results exhibit an excellent agreement and an asymmetrical focus has been observed. The possibility to design similar planoconcave devices in the terahertz and optical wavelengths could be a reality in the near future.
Open Access
Polarization selection with stacked hole array metamaterial
(AIP Publishing, 2008) Beruete Díaz, Miguel; Navarro Cía, Miguel; Sorolla Ayza, Mario; Campillo, Igor; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa
Polarization rotation or selection appears in materials with optical activity, or those with Faraday effect, or in liquid crystals. In this letter we present a structure, with an analogous response, using stacked extraordinary transmission subwavelength hole arrays modified to be nearly self-complementary. This produces a polarization selector because of the negative index of refraction for one of its linearly polarized eigenwaves. Simulation results and experiments at millimeter wavelengths confirm these features. Applications in miniaturized devices are envisioned as well as the possibility to scale to optical wavelengths.
Open Access
Far-field and near-field physics of extraordinary THz transmitting hole-array antennas
(IEEE, 2019) Camacho, Miguel; Boix, Rafael R.; Kuznetsov, Sergei A.; Beruete Díaz, Miguel; Navarro Cía, Miguel; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación
Despite three decades of effort, predicting accurately extraordinary transmission through subwavelength hole arrays has proven challenging. The lack of quantitative design and modeling capability to take into account the inherent complexity of high frequency instrumentation has prevented the development of practical high-performance components based on this phenomenon. This paper resorts to the Method of Moments to provide not only such missing quantitative prediction but also a theoretical framework to understand and shed more light on the far-field and near-field physics of the extraordinary terahertz (THz) transmission through subwavelength hole arrays under different illumination and detection conditions. An excellent agreement between the numerical and experimental results with various illumination and detection setups is obtained, demonstrating the suitability of this computationally efficient modeling tool to predict the response of extraordinary transmission structures in practical situations.
Open Access
Accurate circuit modeling of fishnet structures for negative-index-medium applications
(IEEE, 2016) Torres Landívar, Víctor; Mesa, Francisco; Navarro Cía, Miguel; Rodríguez Berral, Raúl; Beruete Díaz, Miguel; Medina, Francisco; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa
Metallic plates with a two-dimensional (2D) periodic distribution of sub-wavelength apertures are known to exhibit extraordinary transmission of electromagnetic waves. Stacking two or more of such plates gives place to the so-called fishnet structures, which constitute a popular way of achieving an effective negative index medium at frequencies ranging from microwaves to optics. Unfortunately, a general wideband equivalent circuit has not yet been proposed to facilitate its understanding and design. This work presents this circuit model with closed-form expressions for the circuit elements, thus making it possible to obtain the electrical response for this class of structures in a very efficient way. This procedure is much faster than alternative numerical methods at the same time that it retains a high level of accuracy when compared with some other oversimplified models. The circuit model also provides a simple rationale as well as a good physical insight in order to explain the qualitative behavior of such structures, independently of the number of stacked layers.
Open Access
Low profile THz periodic leaky-wave antenna
(IEEE, 2014) Beaskoetxea Gartzia, Unai; Beruete Díaz, Miguel; Rodríguez Ulibarri, Pablo; Etayo Salinas, David; Sorolla Ayza, Mario; Navarro Cía, Miguel; Zehar, Mokhtar; Blary, Karine; Chahadih, Abdallah; Han, Xiang-Lei; Akalin, Tahsin; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa
In this work, a 0.566THz flat leaky-wave antenna, consisting of a central λ0/2 slot surrounded by straight parallel wedge corrugations, is numerically and experimentally analyzed. Simulations show a moderately high gain and no significant differences when compared with a typical square corrugation profile. Numerical comparison is also made for the designed and manufactured antennas. High transmission enhancement in the corrugated case is obtained, compared to that given by a single central slot with no grooves. This kind of antennas finds several applications in different frequency ranges, including the nowadays high-interest range of the THz.
Open Access
Negative refraction in a prism made of stacked subwavelength hole arrays
(Optical Society of America, 2008) Navarro Cía, Miguel; Beruete Díaz, Miguel; Sorolla Ayza, Mario; Campillo, Igor; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa
Metamaterial structures are artificial materials that show unconventional electromagnetic properties such as negative refraction index, perfect lenses, and invisibility. However, losses are one of the big challenges to be surpassed in order to design practical devices at optical wavelengths. Here we report negative refraction in a prism engineered by stacked sub-wavelength hole arrays. These structures exhibit inherently an extraordinary optical transmission which could offer a solution to the problem of losses at optical wavelengths. It is shown the possibility to obtain negative indices of refraction starting from near to zero values. Our work demonstrates by a direct experiment the feasibility of engineering negative refraction by just drilling sub-wavelength holes in metallic plates and stacking them.
Open Access
All-metallic ε-near-zero (ENZ) lens based on ultra-narrow hollow rectangular waveguides: experimental results
(IEEE, 2014) Orazbayev, Bakhtiyar; Torres Landívar, Víctor; Pacheco-Peña, Víctor; Falcone Lanas, Francisco; Teniente Vallinas, Jorge; Beruete Díaz, Miguel; Sorolla Ayza, Mario; Navarro Cía, Miguel; Engheta, Nader; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Here we perform numerical and experimental investigation of plano-concave all-metallic ε-near-zero (ENZ) lens with operational frequency f = 144 GHz. The ENZ lens is achieved by stacking an array of narrow hollow rectangular waveguides working near cut-off frequency. Focusing and radiation properties are numerically analyzed and measured. The enhancement of 5.61 dB and directivity of 17.6 dBi are shown. Good agreement between experimental and numerical results is demonstrated.
Open Access
Compact dual-band terahertz quarter-wave plate metasurface
(IEEE, 2014) Torres Landívar, Víctor; Etayo Salinas, David; Ortuño Molinero, Rubén; Navarro Cía, Miguel; Beruete Díaz, Miguel; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa
A dual-band quarter-wave plate based on a modified extraordinary transmission hole array is numerically analyzed and experimentally demonstrated at terahertz frequencies. To control independently orthogonal polarizations, the original square holes are connected with vertical slits and their lateral straight sides are replaced by meander lines. This smart design enables dual-band operation with unprecedented fractional bandwidths in a compact structure. Considering a flattening deviation lower than 40% of the optimum value, a fractional bandwidth of 53.8% and 3.8% is theoretically obtained (16.8% and 2.9% in the experiment) at 1 and 2.2 THz, respectively. At these two frequencies, the structure is 0.13-λ and 0.29-λ thick, respectively. Given the compactness of the whole structure and the performance obtained, this quarter-wave plate is presented as a competitive device for the terahertz band.
Open Access
ε-near-zero (ENZ) graded index quasi-optical devices: steering and splitting millimeter waves
(IOP Publishing, 2014) Pacheco-Peña, Víctor; Torres Landívar, Víctor; Beruete Díaz, Miguel; Navarro Cía, Miguel; Engheta, Nader; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Graded index ε near-zero (GRIN-ENZ) quasi-optical components such as beam steerers and power splitters are designed, simulated and analyzed. The GRIN-ENZ medium is realized using stacked narrow hollow waveguides whose infinite array shows the first transmission peak at 1.0002 THz. Several GRIN-ENZ beam steerers to channel a normal incident plane wave to different output angles (15, 45, 65 and 80 deg) with good impedance matching (low reflection) are analytically and numerically demonstrated using planar structures with a thickness of 5λ0 = 1500 μm along z-axis. Moreover, symmetrical and asymmetrical power splitters are designed with output angles (plus/minus 45 deg) and (-80, +35 deg), respectively.
Open Access
Soret fishnet metalens antenna
(Springer Nature, 2015) Orazbayev, Bakhtiyar; Beruete Díaz, Miguel; Pacheco-Peña, Víctor; Crespo López, Gonzalo; Teniente Vallinas, Jorge; Navarro Cía, Miguel; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa
At the expense of frequency narrowing, binary amplitude-only diffractive optical elements emulate refractive lenses without the need of large profiles. Unfortunately, they also present larger Fresnel reflection loss than conventional lenses. This is usually tackled by implementing unattractive cumbersome designs. Here we demonstrate that simplicity is not at odds with performance and we show how the fishnet metamaterial can improve the radiation pattern of a Soret lens. The building block of this advanced Soret lens is the fishnet metamaterial operating in the near-zero refractive index regime with one of the edge layers designed with alternating opaque and transparent concentric rings made of subwavelength holes. The hybrid Soret fishnet metalens retains all themeritsof classicalSoret lenses suchas lowprofile, lowcost andeaseofmanufacturing. It is designed for the W-band of themillimeter-waves range with a subwavelength focal lengthFL51.58 mm(0.5l0) aiming at a compact antenna or radar systems. The focal properties of the lens along with its radiation characteristics in a lens antenna configuration have been studied numerically and confirmed experimentally, showing a gain improvement of ,2 dB with respect to a fishnet Soret lens without the fishnet metamaterial.