Open Access
Effect of fortification with eggshell powder on injera quality
(Elsevier, 2022) Fekadu, Tigist; Cassano, Angela; Angós Iturgaiz, Ignacio; Maté Caballero, Juan Ignacio; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
In Ethiopia there is a severe calcium nutrient deficiency problem. Cereals are appropriate vehicles for food fortification along with eggshell powder (EP), a waste product, which contains a high amount of Ca. The objective of the current study was to enrich injera (Ethiopian flat bread from cereal teff) with EP to improve Ca content and to assess its effect on quality parameters. Injera was prepared by adding 4.5% and 9% EP to the teff flour (injera I4.5 and I9.0, respectively). The fortification resulted in significantly increased bioavailable Ca from 16.1 mg/100 g (control) to 742.7 mg/100 g (I4.5) and 1743.1 mg/100 g (I9.0). With the consumption of 200 g of injera, an adult could meet 60% of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of Ca from I4.5 and 140% of Ca RDA from I9.0. The addition of eggshell powder affected pH, titratable acidity, color and texture. However, there was no significant effect on moisture content, aw, viscosity, microbial quality, and eye characteristics. Current research revealed that fortification of injera with EP could be a good source of total and bioavailable Ca without significant deleterious effects on the key physico-chemical quality parameters of injera.
Open Access
Analysis of environmental conditions effect in the phytochemical composition of potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars
(MDPI, 2020) Samaniego, Iván Rodrigo; Espin, Susana; Cuesta, Xavier; Arias, Verónica; Angós Iturgaiz, Ignacio; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura
Crop productivity and food quality are affected by environmental conditions. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the environment on the concentration of phytochemical components in several potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars. The content of vitamin C (ascorbic acid, AA), the total carotenoids content (TCC), the total polyphenols content (TPC), and the total anthocyanins content (TAC) of 11 potatoes varieties grown in Ecuador (Cutuglahua, Pujilí, and Pilahuín) was measured by the spectrophotometric method. The antioxidant capacity (AC) of potato cultivars was evaluated by the ABTS method. The AA concentration ranged between 12.67 to 39.49 mg/100g fresh weight (FW), the TCC ranged between 50.00 and 1043.50 μg/100g FW, the TPC ranged between 0.41 and 3.25 g of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/kg dry weight (DW), the TAC ranged between 2.74 and 172.53 μg/g FW and finally the AC ranged between 36.80 and 789.19 μg of trolox equivalents (TE)/g FW. Genotypes (G), location (L), and interaction (G x L) were significant at p < 0.01. The genotype (G) showed a greater variation in the phytochemical contents. AA and TPC showed the highest correlation with the AC. A selection of genotypes with these characteristics can be used to develop germplasms with a high AC.
Open Access
Pressure shift freezing: congelación por cambio de fase
(Universidad Miguel Hernández, 2024) Angós Iturgaiz, Ignacio; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura
Sesión Plenaria 3: La congelación es uno de los métodos más antiguos y ampliamente utilizados en la conservación de alimentos. El crecimiento de la demanda de productos generados por la industria congeladora ha estimulado la necesidad de buscar nuevas tecnologías que incrementen su eficiencia, rebajen los costes y, por el lado del consumidor, mejoren la calidad de los alimentos y optimicen su vida útil. Todos estos aspectos hay que enmarcarlos dentro de un contexto en el que los esfuerzos de adaptación a condiciones climáticas cada vez más extremas e imprevisibles, van a ir de la mano con las iniciativas orientadas a la minimización del impacto ambiental que supone la producción de alimentos para una población mundial en crecimiento exponencial. En esta ponencia en primer lugar se dará una visión general del uso de las altas presiones en el ámbito agroalimentario, pasando a continuación a explicar los fundamentos de los procesos de congelación mediados o asistidos por el uso de altas presiones hidrostáticas, una tecnología emergente dentro del campo de la conservación de alimentos por congelación. Se ofrecerá una visión actual del estado del arte sobre esta tecnología, comprendiendo tanto los aspectos tecnológicos y de ingeniería, como los relacionados con la calidad de los productos alimentarios procesados con ella y las perspectivas de futuro que pueden extraerse, a la luz de los últimos avances científicos y técnicos.
Open Access
Profile of bioactive components of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) by-products from Ecuador and evaluation of their antioxidant activity
(MDPI, 2023) Llerena Silva, Wilma Maribel; Samaniego, Iván Rodrigo; Vallejo, Christian; Arreaga, Adner; Zhunio, Billy; Coronel, Zomayra; Quiroz, James; Angós Iturgaiz, Ignacio; Carrillo, Wilman; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura
The aim of the study was to determine the profile of bioactive compounds in cocoa residues (mucilage and bean shells), and to evaluate their antioxidant activity in two cocoa varieties, Nacional X Trinitario type (Fine Aroma) and the variety CCN-51. The extraction of phytonutrients from the residues was carried out selectively. The characterization and quantification of the total polyphenol content (TPC), and the total flavonoid content (TFC) were determined by UV–VIS spectrophotometry. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the phenolic profile and methylxanthines. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the methods of 2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation bleaching (ABTS), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The exudate mucilage samples from Nacional X Trinitario-type cocoa presented the highest content of TPC 105.08 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 mL, TFC 36.80 mg catechin equivalents (CE)/100 mL, catechin (CAT) 35.44 mg/g, procyanidins (PCB2: 35.10; PCB1: 25.68; PCC1: 16.83 mg/L), epicatechin (EPI) 13.71 mg/L, caffeine (CAF) 0.90% and theobromine (TBR) 2.65%. In the cocoa bean shell, the variety CCN-51 presented a higher content of TPC (42.17 mg GAE/100 g) and TFC (20.57 mg CE/100 g). However, CAT (16.16 mg/g), CAF (0.35%) and TBR (1.28%) were higher in the Nacional X Trinitario cocoa type. The EPI presented no significant differences between the two samples studied (0.83 and 0.84 mg/g). The antioxidant activity values (ABTS, FRAP and ORAC methods) were higher in the samples of CCN-51 than in the Nacional X Trinitario type. The bean shell samples presented antioxidant values of 171.32, 192.22 and 56.87 mg Trolox equivalents (TE)/g, respectively, and the bean shell samples presented antioxidant values of 167.06, 160.06 and 52.53 mg TE/g, respectively. The antioxidant activity (ABTS, FRAP and ORAC) of the residues was correlated with the bioactive compounds of the mucilage and bean shells, showing a strong positive correlation (<0.99) with the procyanidins (B1, B2 and C1), EPI and CAT and a positive/moderate correlation (0.94) with methylxanthines.
Open Access
Biocompounds content prediction in Ecuadorian fruits using a mathematical model
(MDPI, 2019) Llerena Silva, Wilma Maribel; Samaniego, Iván Rodrigo; Angós Iturgaiz, Ignacio; Brito, Beatriz; Ortiz, Bladimir; Carrillo, Wilman; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD
Anthocyanins, carotenoids and polyphenols are biomolecules that give the characteristic color to fruits. Carotenoids relate to yellow, orange and red colors whereas anthocyanins and polyphenols mainly relate to purple and red colors. Presently, standard determination of antioxidants is carried out using relatively complex methods and techniques. The aim of this study was to develop a mathematical prediction model to relate the internal color parameters of the Amazonic fruits araza (Eugenia stipitata Mc Vaugh), Andean fruit blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth), Andean blueberry (Vaccinium floribundum Kunth), goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.), naranjilla (Solanum quitoense Lam.), and tamarillo (Solanum betaceum Cav.) to their respective anthocyanins, carotenoids and polyphenols contents. The mathematical model was effective in predicting the total anthocyanins content (TAC), the total carotenoids content (TCC) and finally the total phenolic content (TPC) of fruits assayed. Andean blueberry presented a TPC with an experimental value of 7254.62 (mg GAE/100 g sample) with respect to a TPC prediction value of 7315.73 (mg GAE/100 g sample). Andean blackberry presented a TAC with an experimental value of 1416.69 (mg chloride cyanidin 3-glucoside/100 g) with respect to a prediction TAC value of 1413 (mg chloride cyanidin 3-glucoside/100 g).
Open Access
New thin-layer drying models for the design and simulation of cassava root dryers and phenomenological study of interaction water-starch during diffusion
(Universiti Putra Malaysia, 2020) Faneite, A. M.; Parra, J.; Colón, W.; Ferrer, A.; Angós Iturgaiz, Ignacio; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura
In the present work, drying phenomenology of cassava root slices was studied at 55, 65, 75, 85, 95, 105 and 115 degrees C, and at 5- and 6-mm thicknesses. Chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) of samples of cassava, dried at different temperatures, were carried out. Additionally, the performance of three new thin-layer drying kinetics models was analysed. Initial moisture in a wet basis and starch content in a dry basis were 62.4 and 74.8%, respectively. The drying curves showed a monotonic decrease in time and a progressive closeness as the drying temperature increased (with the exception of 115 degrees C), reaching a stage, so-called, dynamic pseudo-equilibrium, located between the typical storage moisture content, and the real equilibrium. Drying rate curves showed a single stage of decreasing drying rate with internal control, while desorption curves showed a sigmoidal characteristic shape of an anomalous diffusion type, confirmed by the potential behaviour of the effective diffusivity with respect to the material moisture content. The 115 degrees C drying curve behaviour was explained by the changes seen in XRD patterns and FTIR spectra. The new Modified-Faneite-Suarez model got an extraordinary performance modelling the cassava drying, while Faneite-Mosquera model got a very good performance and the most recommendable to be used in design and simulation of cassava dryers based on its sound theoretical basis and prediction capabilities in a broad spectrum of temperatures.
Open Access
Effect of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) in the antioxidant capacity of arazá (Eugenia stipitata McVaugh), naranjilla (Solanum quitoense Lam.), and tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav.) fruits from Ecuador
(Wiley, 2020) Llerena Silva, Wilma Maribel; Samaniego, Iván Rodrigo; Navarro Huidobro, Montserrat; Ortiz, Jacqueline; Angós Iturgaiz, Ignacio; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura
This study aimed to determine the effects of the modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) in the antioxidant capacity (AC) of arazá (Eugenia stipitata McVaugh), naranjilla (Solanum quitoense Lam.), and tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav.). AC was evaluated by ABTS and DPPH methods. Fruits were cold stored using three MAPs (MAP 1:2.5%2.5% O2: 5.0% CO2); (MAP 2:2.5% O2: 2.5% CO2); and (MAP 3:80% O2: 10% CO2) for 1, 4, 7, and 10 days. ABTS showed the highest AC values with respect to DPPH. Arazá fruit AC was correlated with total flavonoids content (TFC) (r >.8360) and total polyphenols content (TPC) (r >.7252). Naranjilla fruit (r >.8188) and tree tomato 2.5% O2: 2.5% CO2 (r >.7365), TPC and TFC showed significant correlations with the DPPH. When using the canonical correlation analysis, it was observed that TPC is responsible for AC of the three fruits, showing strong correlations (.9716) with DPPH. Practical applications: The present study has as practical applications to provide knowledge on the cold storage of araza Eugenia stipitata McVaugh), naranjilla (Solanum quitoense Lam.), and tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav.) fruits. It also describes the effect of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the antioxidant capacity of the three fruits studied. This study provides knowledge about biological properties of these fruits during cold storage with modified atmosphere.
Open Access
Influence of the maturity stage on the phytochemical composition and the antioxidant activity of four Andean blackberry cultivars (Rubus glaucus benth) from Ecuador
(MDPI, 2020) Samaniego, Iván Rodrigo; Brito, Beatriz; Viera, William; Cabrera, Ana; Angós Iturgaiz, Ignacio; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura
Andean blackberries (Rubus glaucus Benth) are fruits rich in phytocomponents with high antioxidant activity. In this work, the changes in the total polyphenol content (TPC), the total flavonoid content (TFC), and the total anthocyanin content (TAC) of four blackberry varieties at three maturity stages (E1-25%, E2-50%, and E3-100%) were measured. The antioxidant activity (AA) was evaluated using the 2,2’azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazolin 6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. TPC and TFC content decreased with the increase in the maturity stage. The blackberry Brazos cultivar presented TPC values of 51.26, 38.16, and 31.59 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight (DW) at E1, E2, and E3, respectively. The TAC and soluble solids increased with the increase in the maturity stage of the fruits. The Andimora variety at E3 presented a high TPC content, and the Colombiana variety presented a high TFC content. The blackberry Colombiana cultivar presented TAC values of 1.40, 2.95, and 12.26 mg cy-3-glu/100g DW at E1, E2, and E3, respectively. The blackberry Colombiana cultivar presented a high AA value at 1278.63 µmol TE/g DW according to the ABTS method and 1284.55 µmol TE/g DW according to the FRAP method. The TPC and TFC showed a high correlation with the AA according to the ABTS and the FRAP methods. The Pearson correlation between the TFC and AA/ABTS has a value of r = 0.92. The TFC and AA/FRAP present a value of r = 0.94.
Open Access
Zebrafish model used in food science and technology: antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and inhibition of lipid peroxidation
(Nova Science Publishers, 2019) Vilcacundo, R.; Barrio, D.; Piñuel, L.; Boeri, P.; Morales, D.; Angós Iturgaiz, Ignacio; Pinto, A.; Castro, A.; Reyes, W.; Carrillo, Wilman; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD
Open Access
Control of respiration and color modification on minimally processed potatoes by means of low and high O2/CO2 atmospheres
(Elsevier, 2008) Angós Iturgaiz, Ignacio; Virseda Chamorro, Paloma; Fernández García, Teresa; Tecnología de Alimentos; Elikagaien Teknologia; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertistate Publikoa
This study has demonstrated the potential of several controlled atmospheres for reducing the respiration rate and browning in minimally processed potatoes (cv. Monalisa) during a 14-day storage period at 4 ◦C. The gas combinations tested were 2.5/0, 2.5/5, 5/0, 5/10, 10/0, 10/10, 80/0, 80/10, 80/20, 90/0, and 90/10 (kPa O2/kPa CO2; N2 balance). Compared to the control atmosphere (synthetic air), minimally processed potatoes stored under the controlled atmosphere composed of 80 kPa O2/10–20 kPa CO2 afforded the best results in terms of reduced respiration rates (−68% RO2 and −84% RCO2), antibrowning activity (−35% in total surface color change), and mechanical properties (−37% potato hardening) after storage at 4 ◦C for 14 days. Significant decreases in acidity (higher pH values) compared to the fresh product were found at the end of the storage in the minimally processed potatoes stored under low O2/high CO2 and high O2/high–low CO2 conditions. In contrast, dry matter determinations showed no water losses in any of the experimental gas treatment batches.