Open Access
Predicción de tráfico de Internet and aplicaciones
(2001) Bernal, I.; Aracil Rico, Javier; Morató Osés, Daniel; Izal Azcárate, Mikel; Magaña Lizarrondo, Eduardo; Díez Marca, L. A.; Automática y Computación; Automatika eta Konputazioa
In this paper we focus on traffic prediction as a means to achieve dynamic bandwidth allocation in a generic Internet link. Our findings show that coarse prediction (bytes per interval) proves advantageous to perform dynamic link dimensioning, even if we consider a part of the top traffic producers in the traffic predictor.
Open Access
Ransomware early detection by the analysis of file sharing traffic
(Elsevier, 2018) Morató Osés, Daniel; Berrueta Irigoyen, Eduardo; Magaña Lizarrondo, Eduardo; Izal Azcárate, Mikel; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación
Crypto ransomware is a type of malware that locks access to user files by encrypting them and demands a ransom in order to obtain the decryption key. This type of malware has become a serious threat for most enterprises. In those cases where the infected computer has access to documents in network shared volumes, a single host can lock access to documents across several departments in the company. We propose an algorithm that can detect ransomware action and prevent further activity over shared documents. The algorithm is based on the analysis of passively monitored traffic by a network probe. 19 different ransomware families were used for testing the algorithm in action. The results show that it can detect ransomware activity in less than 20 s, before more than 10 files are lost. Recovery of even those files was also possible because their content was stored in the traffic monitored by the network probe. Several days of traffic from real corporate networks were used to validate a low rate of false alarms. This paper offers also analytical models for the probability of early detection and the probability of false alarms for an arbitrarily large population of users.
Open Access
Detección de congestión en la Internet europea
(IEEE, 2007) Hernández, Ana; Magaña Lizarrondo, Eduardo; Izal Azcárate, Mikel; Morató Osés, Daniel; Automática y Computación; Automatika eta Konputazioa
In this paper we present a study about the utilization of one-way delay measurements to detect and characterize network congestion in the european Internet. The experiments have been made using the ETOMIC platfom that allows one-way delay measurement with high precision timestamps. We have found a peculiar router behaviour in which the bottleneck is not the available bandwidth but it is the packet processing power of the router (backplane and CPU constraints). This router has been characterized with several network parameters. Some of them are the dependency of this limitation with the input data rate in packets per second, the size of burst packet losses measured in packets or time and the absence of specific scheduling algorithms in the router that could affect to larger flows.
Open Access
Crypto-ransomware detection using machine learning models in file-sharing network scenarios with encrypted traffic
(Elsevier, 2022) Berrueta Irigoyen, Eduardo; Morató Osés, Daniel; Magaña Lizarrondo, Eduardo; Izal Azcárate, Mikel; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Ransomware is considered as a significant threat for home users and enterprises. In corporate scenarios, users’ computers usually store only system and program files, while all the documents are accessed from shared servers. In these scenarios, one crypto-ransomware infected host is capable of locking the access to all shared files it has access to, which can be the whole set of files from a workgroup of users. We propose a tool to detect and block crypto-ransomware activity based on file-sharing traffic analysis. The tool monitors the traffic exchanged between the clients and the file servers and using machine learning techniques it searches for patterns in the traffic that betray ransomware actions while reading and overwriting files. This is the first proposal designed to work not only for clear text protocols but also for encrypted file-sharing protocols. We extract features from network traffic that describe the activity opening, closing, and modifying files. The features allow the differentiation between ransomware activity and high activity from benign applications. We train and test the detection model using a large set of more than 70 ransomware binaries from 33 different strains and more than 2,400 h of ‘not infected’ traffic from real users. The results reveal that the proposed tool can detect all ransomware binaries described, including those not used in the training phase. This paper provides a validation of the algorithm by studying the false positive rate and the amount of information from user files that the ransomware could encrypt before being detected
Open Access
Mejoras en la identificación de tráfico de aplicación basado en firmas
(2008) Santolaya Bea, Néstor; Magaña Lizarrondo, Eduardo; Izal Azcárate, Mikel; Morató Osés, Daniel; Automática y Computación; Automatika eta Konputazioa
Traffic identification has been based traditionally on transport protocol ports, associating always the same ports with the same applications. Nowadays that assumption is not true and new methods like signature identification or statistical techniques are applied. This work presents a method based on signature identification with some improvements. The use of regular expressions for typical applications has been studied deeply and its use has been improved in the aspects of percentage identification and resources consumption. On the other hand, a flows-record structure has been applied in order to classify those packets that do not verify any regular expression. Results are compared with the opensource related project L7-filter, and the improvements are presented. Finally, detailed regular expressions for analyzed applications are included in the paper, especially P2P applications.
Open Access
Collecting packet traces at high speed
(2006) Aguirre Cascallana, Gorka; Magaña Lizarrondo, Eduardo; Automática y Computación; Automatika eta Konputazioa
In order to capture packet traces at high speed using a low-cost platform, we have to optimize the networking stack of a general purpose operating system. Different techniques are compared with the final objective of avoiding packet loss. Among those techniques we will study the performance of NAPI [6] and PF-RING [9]. Depending on the final application, we should tune certain parameters accordingly. We also present the advantages of a multiprocessor platform and the problematic of storing full packets directly to hard disk.
Open Access
Open repository for the evaluation of ransomware detection tools
(IEEE, 2020) Berrueta Irigoyen, Eduardo; Morató Osés, Daniel; Magaña Lizarrondo, Eduardo; Izal Azcárate, Mikel; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación
Crypto-ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts user files, deletes the original data, and asks for ransom to recover the hijacked documents. Several articles have presented detection techniques for this type of malware; these techniques are applied before the ransomware encrypts files or during its action in an infected host. The evaluation of these proposals has always been accomplished using sets of ransomware samples that are prepared locally for the research article, without making the data available. Different studies use different sets of samples and different evaluation metrics, resulting in insufficient comparability. In this paper, we describe a public data repository containing the file access operations of more than 70 ransomware samples during the encryption of a large network shared directory. These data have already been used successfully in the evaluation of a network-based ransomware detection algorithm. Now, we are making these data available to the community and describing their details, how they were captured, and how they can be used in the evaluation and comparison of the results of most ransomware detection techniques.
Open Access
Midiendo retardos y pérdidas en las redes móviles de alta velocidad
(2015) Prieto Suárez, Iria; Izal Azcárate, Mikel; Magaña Lizarrondo, Eduardo; Morató Osés, Daniel; Automática y Computación; Automatika eta Konputazioa
Mobile networks are constantly evolving, but still, due to their nature, it is not trivial to analayse how they face up different kinds of traffic. On the Internet a wide range of services can be found. Usually the majority send large packets, i.e Web services, but others, like VoIP, send small packets. The question is how the mobile networks manage all this traffic. In this work experiments to measure losses and times of sending different packet size bursts are described. Also, preliminary results for experiments with a real network mobile client, are analaysed showing that the performance of the network is different depending on the size of packet.
Open Access
Monitorización activa de altas prestaciones mediante la plataforma paneuropa ETOMIC
(2005) Magaña Lizarrondo, Eduardo; Naranjo Abad, Francisco José; Aracil Rico, Javier; Automática y Computación; Automatika eta Konputazioa
In this paper we present the first set of active measurements that we have made using the ETOMIC system. ETOMIC is a paneuropean traffic measurement infrastructure with GPS-synchronized monitoring nodes. Specific hardware is used in order to provide high-precision transmission and reception capabilities. Besides, the system is open and any experiment can be executed. Internet measurements with high infrastructure requirements are now possible like one-way delay, routes and topology changing, congestion detection and virtual path aggregation detection. We will explain the results and how easy is to implement these measurements using the tools provided by ETOMIC, specially the API for using the specific sending and receiving capabilities.
Open Access
Internet technologies course with combined professor and on-line contents methodology
(IEEE, 2003) Magaña Lizarrondo, Eduardo; Morató Osés, Daniel; Automática y Computación; Automatika eta Konputazioa
In this paper we present the experience and results in the teaching of a course titled “Internet Technologies”. This course, offered in Public University of Navarra (Spain), uses a special methodology that combines in-classroom lectures in front of computers with on-line contents. The students work on the on-line course lesson at the same time that the professor is available in the classroom to help the students during the hours assigned to the course. The tool used to manage the on-line contents, tests, exercises and grades, was designed specially for this course. It incorporates a student profile classification based on the time used to solve the tests.