Open Access
Impact of process and outcome quality on intention for continued use of voice assistants
(Emerald, 2023) Saavedra Montejo, Álvaro; Chocarro Eguaras, Raquel; Cortiñas Ugalde, Mónica; Rubio, Natalia; Gestión de Empresas; Enpresen Kudeaketa
Objetivo: Este artículo tiene como objetivo entender cómo la utilidad percibida de los Asistentes de Voz (AV) se ve afectada por la calidad percibida del proceso (interacción) y el resultado (información). Asimismo, busca determinar hasta qué punto la utilidad percibida de los AVs mejora la privacidad percibida asociada con su uso y, consecuentemente, la intención de los usuarios de seguir utilizándolos. La innovación tecnológica se incluye como moderador personal para comparar los resultados entre innovadores tecnológicos y no tecnológicos. Para este propósito, utilizamos la Teoría de Usos y Gratificaciones (U>). Diseño Se realizó una encuesta a 467 usuarios de AVs, y se utilizó la modelización de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) para analizar los datos. Resultados La calidad del proceso y la calidad del resultado son antecedentes claros de la utilidad percibida de los AVs, que afecta a la intención de los usuarios de seguir usándolos. La influencia de ambos factores difiere entre usuarios según su nivel de innovación tecnológica. Los resultados muestran que los innovadores tecnológicos valoran más la experiencia interactiva y la calidad del proceso, mientras que los no innovadores tecnológicos se enfocan en obtener respuestas satisfactorias de los AVs. Además, la influencia positiva de la utilidad percibida en la privacidad percibida es más pronunciada en los innovadores tecnológicos. Originalidad Este estudio enriquece la literatura sobre la utilidad percibida de los AVs dentro del marco de la U>. Identifica dos factores previos (calidad del proceso y calidad del resultado) de la utilidad percibida y observa diferencias significativas basadas en la innovación tecnológica.
Open Access
Exploring unconscious user responses to affective computing in interactive prototypes: a consumer neuroscience study
(Taylor & Francis, 2025-05-18) Saavedra Montejo, Álvaro; Chocarro Eguaras, Raquel; Cortiñas Ugalde, Mónica; Rubio, Natalia; Gestión de Empresas; Enpresen Kudeaketa; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Affective Computing (AC) has gained increasing attention for its potential to enrich Human-Computer Interaction by enabling technologies to recognise and respond to human emotions. However, there is limited research on how users unconsciously react to AC-based interactive prototypes at a physiological level during interaction. This study examines user cognitive and affective responses to two interactive AC-based Prototypes using consumer neuroscience techniques - Electroencephalogram (EEG), Galvanic Skin Response (GSR), and Eye-tracking - to capture unconscious physiological responses. Two laboratory experiments were conducted with a total sample of 34 participants, each experiment employing a different interactive AC-based prototype. The objective is to explore how users engage in cognitive and affective responses, as well as visual behaviour, through unconscious physiological responses generated during interactions with AC-based Prototypes. Results indicate that AC-based Prototypes exhibit greater engagement, cognitive load, and emotional impact on users compared to conventional technology. This study contributes to the field by providing evidence on how AC Prototypes influence user responses at an unconscious level, offering insights into how these technologies can enhance human-computer interactions. These findings indicate that AC technology enables more personalized and emotionally adaptive interactions between humans and machines by responding to users' affective states.
Open Access
Attention to online channels across the path to purchase: an eye-tracking study
(Elsevier, 2019) Cortiñas Ugalde, Mónica; Cabeza Laguna, Rafael; Chocarro Eguaras, Raquel; Villanueva Larre, Arantxa; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Enpresen Kudeaketa; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Gestión de Empresas
Currently, consumers display what is known as omnichannel behavior: the combined use of digital and physical channels providing them with multiple points of contact with firms. We combine the stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) model and visual attention theory to study how customers’ attention to digital channels varies across different purchasing tasks. We use eye-tracking techniques to observe attention in an experimental setting. The experimental design is composed of four purchasing tasks in four different product categories and measures the attention to the website and time spent on each task in addition to several control variables. The results show that shoppers attend to more areas of the website for purposes of website exploration than for performing purchase tasks. The most complex and time-consuming task for shoppers is the assessment of purchase options. The actual purchase and post-purchase tasks require less time and the inspection of fewer areas of interest. Personal involvement also plays a role in determining these patterns by increasing attention to the product area.
Open Access
Analizando el comportamiento de búsqueda de información de un servicio
(Instituto Português de Administração de Marketing, 2010) Chocarro Eguaras, Raquel; Cortiñas Ugalde, Mónica; Villanueva Orbaiz, María Luisa; Gestión de Empresas; Enpresen Kudeaketa
Entender el uso de los canales de información durante el proceso de compra es vital para el marketing por sus efectos en el proceso de toma de decisiones del consumidor y por sus implicaciones en la planificación de las estrategias de comunicación de las empresas. Este artículo examina cómo se pueden utilizar la capacidad y el atractivo de cada canal y una serie de variables situacionales e individuales para predecir la probabilidad de uso del canal cuando se decide acudir al cine. También se hace hincapié en los efectos marginales para detectar efectos sustitución entre canales de información. Aplicando el método estadístico Logit Multinomial se obtiene, por un lado, que cuanto mayor sea la percepción del valor de los canales (capacidad y atractivo), mayor será la probabilidad de que los consumidores accedan a esos canales y que, por otro lado, variables situacionales como la frecuencia de compra de entradas de cine moderan la elección de cada uno de los medios de información, mientras que las variables individuales apenas influyen. Los resultados sobre los efectos de sustitución entre canales indican que los canales de información operan como sustitutivos con respecto a la capacidad y al atractivo de cada canal.
Open Access
Different channels for different services: information sources for services with search, experience and credence attributes
(Taylor & Francis, 2018) Chocarro Eguaras, Raquel; Cortiñas Ugalde, Mónica; Villanueva Orbaiz, María Luisa; Enpresen Kudeaketa; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Gestión de Empresas
A first step in many decision-making processes is a search for information. This paper focuses on the means consumers use to access information prior to contracting services. It uses two different theoretical perspectives, namely, the economic approach (Stigler, 1961) and the psychological approach (Simon, 1947), and the specific aim is to compare consumers’ choice of source when seeking information prior to contracting services with different levels of search, experience or credence attributes. The modelling technique is mixed regression models, which allow the use of standard errors robust to within-group correlation. Our review of the data from a sample of 492 consumers and nine different services (three for each attribute category) shows that consumers use fewer information sources and show less search intensity when the purchase involves a service with search attributes than when it involves either of the other types. The highest levels of information search intensity and online media usage are found in relation to services with experience attributes. Fewer sources are consulted for purchases involving services with credence qualities than for those involving the other types, but the information obtained has a greater impact on decision making. The information sources most commonly-used are personal contacts and offline media.
Open Access
Editorial: the impact of AI-enabled technologies in e-commerce and omnichannel retailing
(Frontiers Media, 2021) Cortiñas Ugalde, Mónica; Berné, Carmen; Chocarro Eguaras, Raquel; Niilssen, Frode; Rubio, Natalia; Gestión de Empresas; Enpresen Kudeaketa
Organization's adoption of technology has been an important topic over decades. There is also little doubt that technology influence and has an impact on how organization work and to some extent also on how they are organised. Various disciplines have addressed this issue and many perspectives have been applied over time. The rapidly growing interest for studying technology adoption strategies and outcomes of the implementation of these strategies have led to a wide range of contributions across disciplines. The richness of contributions illustrates the need for knowledge development in this field. At the other side, there is also time and need for some consolidation and review for future directions of the research effort.
Open Access
Customer heterogeneity in the development of e-loyalty
(Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2015) Cortiñas Ugalde, Mónica; Chocarro Eguaras, Raquel; Villanueva Orbaiz, María Luisa; Gestión de Empresas; Enpresen Kudeaketa; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua: 228/2008
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify customer-specific differences in a general model of e-loyalty taking into account the existence of unobserved heterogeneity. Specifically, we aim to 1) test for the presence of customer heterogeneity 2) assess the impact of potential bias when there is no control for heterogeneity; 3) analyze the distinct customer segments that emerge from the empirical estimation of the model, and 4) describe the segments by their demographic and psychological characteristics. Design/methodology/approach: Panel data from a survey of online shoppers is used in a post hoc segmentation method, which will enable us to identify segments, while estimating the parameters by means of structural equation models; Findings. Three distinct consumer segments emerge. The relative importance of e-loyalty and e-satisfaction is significantly determined by consumers’ shopping styles. Originality/value This study highlights the need to consider unobserved customer heterogeneity when attempting to explain satisfaction and loyalty development processes in the retail context in general, and e-commerce in particular. To our knowledge, this is the first time this approach has been used to analyze the impact of customer heterogeneity on e-satisfaction and e-loyalty.
Open Access
Hábitos alimentarios y comparación con las diferentes zonas españolas
(Gobierno de Navarra, Departamento de Economía y Hacienda, 2003) Chocarro Eguaras, Raquel; Gestión de Empresas; Enpresen Kudeaketa
España ha sufrido importantes transformaciones a nivel económico, demográfico, social y cultural en la última década que han supuesto modificaciones en la estructura de la dieta y en el trazado del nuevo modelo alimentario. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es detectar diferentes tipologías de consumo entre las distintas zonas españolas y, en concreto, Navarra, observando si estos hábitos alimentarios han mostrado cambios significativos recientes. Los resultados parecen confirmar la dieta mediterránea en España aunque se constata que no se asocia a un determinado territorio y que está sufriendo alteraciones en cuanto a disminuciones y aumentos en ciertos alimentos considerados como base de dicha dieta. Por otra parte, una explicación causal del cambio alimentario en España ha estado motivada por las crecientes inquietudes de los consumidores por una alimentación sana y una protección del medio ambiente, sobre todo en momentos de crisis alimentarias, donde comienzan a cuestionarse los modelos productivos de carácter intensivo. Este hecho está poniendo de moda el consumo de productos procedentes de la agricultura ecológica y las etiquetas que avalen la calidad de los productos.
Open Access
The impact of market environments on marketing relationships
(Canadian Center of Science and Education, 2014) Betancourt, Roger R.; Chocarro Eguaras, Raquel; Cortiñas Ugalde, Mónica; Elorz Domezain, Margarita; Múgica Grijalba, José Miguel; Gestión de Empresas; Enpresen Kudeaketa
This paper addresses two issues empirically that have been somewhat neglected in the marketing literature. The first one is whether or not basic marketing relationships at the establishment level are robust or stable to the realization of major events that change the market environm ent. The second one is whether after these events take place the marketing relationships for new establishments are the same or different from those of existing establishments. What allows us to address these issues is a combination of factors af fecting the operation of gas stations in Pamplona, Spain. We conducted a survey of gas stations in 1998 when prices of gasoline products were fixed by the government and a similar survey in 2007 when gas retail prices were set by market participant. This major change in market environment was the result of a price liberalization law. A comparison of the same establishments in the two surveys allows us to address the first issue identified above. A comparison of new establishments and existing ones in the most recent survey allows us to addr ess the second issue identified above. Briefly put, customer satisfaction and its determinants prove to have a robust, stable relationship with respect to the changed market environment during this nine year period. On the other hand, some aspects of the relation between future patronage intentions and its determinants are subs tantially altered by the changed market environment. The aspects that remain the same in both comparisons are, thus, geographically as well as inter-temporally stable. Those that change often can be associated with specific changes in the nature of the market for gas stations in Pamplona during this nine year period.
Open Access
Image, brand and price info: do they always matter the same?
(Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2019) Cortiñas Ugalde, Mónica; Chocarro Eguaras, Raquel; Villanueva Larre, Arantxa; Gestión de Empresas; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Enpresen Kudeaketa; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren
We study attention processes to brand, price and visual information about products in online retailing websites, simultaneously considering the effects of consumers’ goals, purchase category and consumers’ statements. We use an intra-subject experimental design, simulated web stores and a combination of observational eye-tracking data and declarative measures. Image information about the product is the more important stimulus, regardless of the task at hand or the store involved. The roles of brand and price information are dependent on the product category and the purchase task involved. Declarative measures of relative brand importance are found to be positively related with its observed importance.