Open Access
Using visual stimuli to promote healthy snack choices among children
(Elsevier, 2021) Benito Ostolaza, Juan Miguel; Echavarri, Rebeca; García Prado, Ariadna; Osés Eraso, Nuria; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Economía
Most interventions against obesity use information to persuade people to change their behavior, with moderate results. Because eating involves automatic routines, new approaches have emerged appealing to non-reflective cognitive processes. Through a randomized controlled trial, we evaluated the impact of visual stimuli (positive and negative) on children's snack-choices at school. Results showed that the negative stimulus had no effect, while the positive stimulus increased the probability among girls of choosing a healthy snack. We also found that children with excess weight had a larger baseline probability of choosing the healthy snack than those without. We conclude that happy emojis, used to nudge non-reflective processes, can steer children towards healthy choices.
Open Access
Enrolling the self-employed in mandatory health insurance in Colombia: are we missing other factors?
(2012) Arrieta, Alejandro; García Prado, Ariadna; Panopoulou, Giota; Economía; Ekonomia
We assess the impact that Colombia’s 1993 health sector reform had on the enrollment of self-employed workers in mandatory social health insurance scheme, with a especial focus on the independent contractors. This group grew dramatically in the form of workers cooperatives between 1993 and 2003, becoming a source of self-employed evasion and a way to disguised employment. We use two national-level Living Standards Measurement Surveys conducted in Colombia in 1997 and 2003, and follow a methodology that corrects for sample selection, decomposing health insurance coverage variation into changes attributed to the reform and to the characteristics of independent contractors. We find that: (i) Between 1997 and 2003, enrollment increased in 28 percentage points reaching an insurance rate of 62%, still below the reform goal of 80%, (ii) enrollment of independent contractors in 1997 was only 35% (compared to 50%) after adjusting by the selection bias due to disguised employment, (ii) the new legislation and stringent monitoring implemented in 2003 to cope with evasion seem to be effective since the sample selection due to disguised employment was not statistically significant in 2003. Addressing the interaction of the labor market with the health reform, as well as, accounting for the heterogeneity within the self-employed group are the main contributions of this paper to the literature on health insurance reforms in developing countries.
Open Access
Identifying early adopters of COVID-19 vaccines in Latin America
(Elsevier, 2022-10-21) Arrieta, Alejandro; García Prado, Ariadna; Sarmiento, Juan Pablo; Castro Correa, Carmen Paz; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is currently-one of the main obstacles to worldwide herd immunity and socioeconomic recovery. Because vaccine coverage can vary between and within countries, it is important to identify sources of variation so that policies can be tailored to different population groups. In this paper, we analyze the results from a survey designed and implemented in order to identify early adopters and laggers in six big cities located in Argentina, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, and Dominican Republic. We find that trust in government and science, accurate knowledge about the value of vaccination and vaccine effects, and perceived risk of getting sick is associated with a higher probability to get vaccinated. We also identify potential laggers such as women and populations with high education but low knowledge about vaccines. We discuss specific strategies to promote vaccination among these populations groups as well as more general strategies designed to gain trust. These findings are specific to the context of Latin America insofar as the underlying factors associated with the choice to be vaccinated vary significantly by location and in relation to individual-level factors.
Open Access
Economía de la salud
(Centro de Estudios Ramón Areces, 2024) García Prado, Ariadna; Economía; Ekonomia
En este capítulo se revisa la literatura experimental o cuasi-experimental que evalúa intervenciones dirigidas a cambiar comportamientos en salud. Por el lado de la demanda, se distingue entre aquellas intervenciones que se dirigen a promover la prevención en salud frente a las que tratan de moderar la utilización de los servicios de salud curativos. Por el lado de la oferta, se analiza qué intervenciones contribuyen a mejorar el rendimiento de los médicos y la prestación de servicios de salud. Dada la incertidumbre irreducible y la asimetría de información que caracteriza la relación médico-paciente, se presenta de modo separado estudios que analizan las preferencias por el riesgo de los pacientes y de los médicos. Además, se dedica una sección a intervenciones que se han implantado en otros sectores (mercado laboral, protección social) y han impactado en la salud de los individuos. Si bien resulta que tanto los mecanismos de recompensa como los de castigo funcionan bien en el área de la salud, los estudios que evalúan el impacto de los nudges y de otras intervenciones que se inspiran en el pensamiento automático, social y mental son más prometedores por su costeefectividad y su sostenibilidad. Finalmente, se discuten los resultados de esta revisión y sus implicaciones de política pública.

García Prado, Ariadna

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