Chemoreflex control as the cornerstone in immersion water sports: possible role on breath-hold

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dc.contributor.authorArce Álvarez, Alexis
dc.contributor.authorSalazar Ardiles, Camila
dc.contributor.authorCornejo, Carlos
dc.contributor.authorPáez, Valeria
dc.contributor.authorVásquez Muñoz, Manuel
dc.contributor.authorStillner-Vilches, Katherine
dc.contributor.authorJara, Catherine R.
dc.contributor.authorRamírez Campillo, Rodrigo
dc.contributor.authorIzquierdo Redín, Mikel
dc.contributor.authorAndrade, David C.
dc.contributor.departmentCiencias de la Saludes_ES
dc.contributor.departmentOsasun Zientziakeu
dc.date.accessioned2022-08-08T08:19:59Z
dc.date.available2022-08-08T08:19:59Z
dc.date.issued2022
dc.date.updated2022-08-08T08:14:38Z
dc.description.abstractImmersion water sports involve long-term apneas; therefore, athletes must physiologically adapt to maintain muscle oxygenation, despite not performing pulmonary ventilation. Breath-holding (i.e., apnea) is common in water sports, and it involves a decrease and increases PaO2 and PaCO2, respectively, as the primary signals that trigger the end of apnea. The principal physiological O2 sensors are the carotid bodies, which are able to detect arterial gases and metabolic alterations before reaching the brain, which aids in adjusting the cardiorespiratory system. Moreover, the principal H+/CO2 sensor is the retrotrapezoid nucleus, which is located at the brainstem level; this mechanism contributes to detecting respiratory and metabolic acidosis. Although these sensors have been characterized in pathophysiological states, current evidence shows a possible role for these mechanisms as physiological sensors during voluntary apnea. Divers and swimmer athletes have been found to displayed longer apnea times than land sports athletes, as well as decreased peripheral O2 and central CO2 chemoreflex control. However, although chemosensitivity at rest could be decreased, we recently found marked sympathoexcitation during maximum voluntary apnea in young swimmers, which could activate the spleen (which is a reservoir organ for oxygenated blood). Therefore, it is possible that the chemoreflex, autonomic function, and storage/delivery oxygen organ(s) are linked to apnea in immersion water sports. In this review, we summarized the available evidence related to chemoreflex control in immersion water sports. Subsequently, we propose a possible physiological mechanistic model that could contribute to providing new avenues for understanding the respiratory physiology of water sports.en
dc.description.sponsorshipThis study was supported by Minera Escondida Ltda. MEL2203; the Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID), through Fondecyt de Iniciación #11220870 and Anillo ACT210083. MI was funded in part by grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PID 2020-113098RB-I00).en
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.citationArce-Álvarez, A.; Salazar-Ardiles, C.; Cornejo, C.; Paez, V.; Vásquez-Muñoz, M.; Stillner-Vilches, K.; Jara, C. R.; Ramirez-Campillo, R.; Izquierdo, M.; Andrade, D. C. (2022). Chemoreflex control as the cornerstone in immersion water sports: possible role on breath-hold. Frontiers in Physiology. 13,894921es
dc.identifier.doi10.3389/fphys.2022.894921
dc.identifier.issn1664-042X
dc.identifier.urihttps://academica-e.unavarra.es/handle/2454/43727
dc.language.isoengen
dc.publisherFrontiers Media
dc.relation.ispartofFrontiers in Physiology, 2022, 13 (894921)en
dc.relation.projectIDinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020/PID2020-113098RB-I00/ES/
dc.relation.publisherversionhttps://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.894921
dc.rights© 2022 Arce-Álvarez, Salazar-Ardiles, Cornejo, Paez, Vásquez-Muñoz, Stillner-Vilches, Jara, Ramirez-Campillo, Izquierdo and Andrade. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).en
dc.rights.accessRightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectWater sportsen
dc.subjectPeripheral chemoreflexen
dc.subjectCentral chemoreflexen
dc.subjectAutonomic nervous systemen
dc.subjectApneaen
dc.titleChemoreflex control as the cornerstone in immersion water sports: possible role on breath-holden
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dspace.entity.typePublication
relation.isAuthorOfPublicationef73585d-4750-4f56-9d4f-0d759232dbca
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscoveryef73585d-4750-4f56-9d4f-0d759232dbca

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