Publication:

Challenges in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of stabilised clay-based construction materials

The preference of clay-based materials for sustainable construction is well-established. The establishment ofsustainability credentials of emergent construction materials is very subjective, and most available tools are notfully equipped to deal with individual material systems, such as composite cement- or lime-based cementitioussystems, including clay-based blocks and bricks. The main problem emanates from the challenges of the audit ofeach aspect of the material processing, and especially the quantification of the most relevant inputs into thecomposite product. The variability in material ingredients, and lack of data for each aspect of the manufacturingprocesses involved creates major challenges. Incorporation of materials with long and complex recyclingprocesses further exacerbate the challenge. These incorporations create problems in terms of accurate materialtrails and data for input in a robust Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of individual products. This paper reports on asimplified approach towards full LCA of seven clay-based brick products developed in UK (4) and Spain (3), based on known material data and estimated energy inputs in the manufacturing processes. The UK-based brickscomprise of Lower Oxford Clay (LOC), stabilised using combinations of hydrated lime, Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) and Portland cement (PC). In order to test the robustness of the proposed approach, resultson UK-based bricks are compared with a parallel LCA on clay-based product developed in Spain. Finally, theclay-based products are compared with a typical Portland cement-based concrete block andfired clay brick. Inthe LCA, boundary conditions includefixed transport, thus attempting to factor only the material ingredients,their known atmospheric emissions, and estimated energy inputs during processing. Results suggest that themost challenging aspect in the undertaking of LCA is the availability of reliable input data. Results also show thatthere are numerous parameters that can reliably and corroboratively facilitate the comparison of performance, besides carbon dioxide emissions.