Open Access
Pollen viability, self-incompatibility, and a very singular S-allele structure between the reasons for the limited potential productivity of traditional Basque cider apple varieties
(Elsevier, 2023) Crespo Martínez, Sara; Oneka Mugica, Oihane; Laquidain Imirizaldu, María Jesús; Urrestarazu Vidart, Jorge; Santesteban García, Gonzaga; Miranda Jiménez, Carlos; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Cider regions conserve a broad diversity of traditional cultivars for which knowledge has hardly evolved. Key aspects of their reproductive biology are barely known, hindering improvement in orchard management and resulting in highly variable yields. In this study, we characterized key aspects of the reproductive biology of some traditional apple cultivars from the Basque-style cider-producing area in northern Spain (Basque Country and Navarre). We tested for pollen quality, self-compatibility, and cross-compatibility (S-genotyping). The pollen quality was good except for Urtebete, Errezila, Reineta Encarnada, and triploid varieties. Self-pollination results confirm the need for pollinators, as only Moko and Txalaka showed certain self-compatibility. Regarding Sgenotyping, the population proved very singular, with an atypically high frequency of S26, a frequent allele within crabapples, and the appearance of a novel unpublished allele (S60). The knowledge generated for this variety pool will contribute to a better choice of suitable pollinators, preventing the use of popular crabapple varieties that are demonstrated to be partly incompatible with them, and will lead to an increase in potential yields in the region.
Open Access
Nitrogen isotope ratio (δ15N): a nearly unexplored indicator that provides useful information in viticulture
(International Viticulture and Enology Society, 2024-05-15) Santesteban García, Gonzaga; Loidi Erviti, Maite; Urretavizcaya Sanz, Inés; Galar Martínez, Mónica; Crespo Martínez, Sara; Royo Díaz, José Bernardo; Miranda Jiménez, Carlos; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
The study of the natural abundance of nitrogen-stable isotopes is an aspect of viticulture research that has received limited attention. While stable isotopes of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen have received significant attention, nitrogen isotope ratio (S15N) 15 N) remains a less studied yet potentially informative parameter. This paper explores the implications of S15N 15 N measurements in grapevines, shedding light on its utility as an indicator for nitrogen sources, plant water status, and within-field variability. The study examines the influence of nitrogen sources, dose, and sampling organs on S15N 15 N values, revealing distinct trends in petioles, berries, and seeds. Organic fertilisers led to higher S15N 15 N values compared to inorganic sources, while increasing nitrogen doses exhibited a much weaker effect on S15N. 15 N. Moreover, S15N 15 N values vary spatially within vineyards, associating with its topography and potential soil composition, soil management and water availability. Our results highlight the importance of considering S15N 15 N in viticulture, suggesting its integration with S13C 13 C for comprehensive insights into nitrogen cycling and soil management practices. The findings advocate for further research to harness the full potential of 15 N as a valuable tool in viticultural studies.
Open Access
The role of the secondary phloem during the development of the grapevine Berry Shrivel ripening disorder
(2019) Crespo Martínez, Sara; Sobczak, Miroslaw; Różańska, Elżbieta; Forneck, Astrid; Griesser, Michaela; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura
Berry Shrivel (BS) is a post-veraison physiological ripening disorder of grapevine berries. Its symptoms encompass low pH, reduced content of sugars and anthocyanins, and loss of turgor leading to berries shriveling. Evidence for the primary causes of BS is still speculative and anatomical studies are scarce. So far, anatomical studies have determined necrotic cells, degraded primary phloem cells and hardening of secondary phloem cells in the rachis of BS affected grapes. The picture is far from being complete. Herein we report in-depth analyses of the ultrastructure, anatomy and spatial elementary analysis of rachis and pedicel tissues of BS symptomatic grape clusters with different symptom severity. We hypothesize that structural changes in the vascular system of BS affected grape clusters could alter transport functions of the phloem tissue and contribute to the appearance of BS symptoms. By applying different microscopic techniques (LM, SEM, TEM and EDS) we found a number of anatomical differences in both, rachis and pedicels, between H and BS symptomatic grapes, which include: (i) extended areas of collapsed cells and cell wall thickenings in the secondary phloem in BS samples; (ii) reduced number of cell layers in the cambium in BS samples; (iii) higher rate of callose deposition on sieve plates that are additionally covered with a carbohydrate-like material in BS samples; and (iv) reduced (up to 60%) estimated sieve tube conductivity in BS samples.
Open Access
Guía de buenas prácticas para la elección del material de plantación de un viñedo
(2023) García García, Rafael; Eraso Zabalegui, Javier; Villa Llop, Ana; Santesteban García, Gonzaga; Crespo Martínez, Sara; Gambra, Alberto; Palacios Muruzábal, Julián; Sebastián Caumel, Bárbara; Urrestarazu Vidart, Jorge; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación
Esta es una guía gráfica sobre la elección del material vegetal para la plantación de un viñedo. Mediante vídeos sencillos se explican factores agronómicos claves a tener en cuenta antes de realizar una plantación, además de nociones básicas que se deben conocer para la elección del material vegetal. Hemos estructurado esta Guía en tres bloques, partiendo del objetivo principal que es la obtención de un viñedo equi- librado, siguiendo con la explicación de las distintas calida- des genéticas que se pueden elegir a la hora de comprar el material vegetal; y concluyendo con vídeos sobre la calidad fisiológica de la planta y cómo comprobarla. Con los últimos vídeos, más científicos, queremos explicar qué sucede a nivel celular en la zona del punto de injerto para que las conexiones vasculares se puedan generar. Los aspectos clave a destacar a la hora de la elección del material vegetal serían: • Saber medir/cuantificar las cualidades y limitaciones de la parcela. • Conocer el abanico de posibilidades en cuanto al material genético disponible. • Saber comprobar la calidad fisiológica del material vegetal. Y fundamental para realizar una plantación con éxito, es tener la máxima información posible como mínimo un año antes de realizar la plantación del viñedo.
Open Access
Assessing the causes of the low productivity of cider apple orchards in the Spanish region of Gipuzkoa
(ISHS, 2022) Miranda Jiménez, Carlos; Crespo Martínez, Sara; Oneka Mugica, Oihane; Laquidain Imirizaldu, María Jesús; Urrestarazu Vidart, Jorge; Santesteban García, Gonzaga; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura
Apple cider-making has a long tradition in many northern Spanish regions, such as Gipuzkoa in the Basque Country. The production in this region is largely based on traditional local cider cultivars for which very little information is available on their pollination requirements, resulting in a generalized low productivity of the orchards. In this work the self-(in)compatibility, S-alleles and pollen quality have been studied for the main cider varieties grown in Gipuzkoa, which represent a wide genetic diversity. The S-RNase genotype of 25 cultivars is firstly reported here, which allows allocating the cultivars in their corresponding incompatibility group. All the S-alleles have been previously described, being S26, S3 and S5 the most frequently found. Regarding pollen quality triploid cultivars, as expected, showed lower viability (<70%) and germination rates (<20%). Whereas most diploid cultivars showed good pollen viability (>80%) and germination (>30%) rates, it is noteworthy the low performance of ‘Urtebete’, very similar to that of triploids. Self-compatibility tests both in vitro and in situ showed low rates of fruit set and, together with an upper position of the stigmas related to stamens, reveal a low degree of self-compatibility for most cultivars. Surprisingly, two cultivars called ‘Moko’ and ‘Txalaka’, showed certain selfcompatibility with around 7% fruit set. All in all, the results will enable to improve traditional varieties orchard design as well as the profitability of apple cider farms in the region.
Open Access
Recovery of ancient grapevine plant material in peri‑urban areas. A case of success in Pamplona (Spain) leading to the recovery of cv. Berués
(Elsevier, 2022) Crespo Martínez, Sara; Mayor Azcona, Blanca; Oneka Mugica, Oihane; Loidi Erviti, Maite; Villa Llop, Ana; Marín Ederra, Diana; Miranda Jiménez, Carlos; Santesteban García, Gonzaga; Urrestarazu Vidart, Jorge; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
Viticulture was relatively important in the peri‑urban area of Pamplona till the end of the 19th century, but suffered a continued regression that has led to a nearly complete disappearance of vineyards. In this context, this work aims to evaluate the feasibility of recovering old grapevine germplasm in the peri‑urban area of Pamplona. The lack of a conventional source for recovering plant material (i.e. absence of old vineyards in the area) implied the need of designing an alternative prospecting procedure. This method included the analysis of the available historical information as open-access resources (orthophotos, land use maps and GIS applications) aiming to identify the areas with the highest probability of finding vines surviving from the general abandonment and uprooting of vineyards that had occurred in the 20th century. Based on the oldest on scale orthophoto available for Navarra, a vineyard land map of the peri‑urban area of Pamplona in year 1956 was built, allowing prospecting efforts to be focused on specific areas of primarily interest. Following this strategy, a total of 120 plants were collected, which corresponded to 44 genotypes. The most prominent achievement of this prospecting mission was the recovery of 15 accessions of Berués, a very old variety with a remarkable importance in the region according to old historical records, and considered to be disappeared. The methodology proposed was effective in searching for the oldest standing-alone plants surviving in the peri‑urban area of Pamplona, and may be adapted to assist the recovery of old grapevine germplasm in other currently non wine-growing regions/areas where viticulture was relevant some decades ago. © 2021
Open Access
Unlocking Spanish pear genetic diversity: strategies for construction of a national core collection
(Springer Nature, 2024-11-04) Irisarri, Patricia; Urrestarazu Vidart, Jorge; Ramos-Cabrer, Ana; Pereira-Lorenzo, Santiago; Velázquez-Barrera, María Encarnación; Díaz-Hernández, María Belén; Dapena, Enrique; Urbina, Valero; Dalmases, Josep; Ríos-Mesa, Domingo; Crespo Martínez, Sara; Loidi Erviti, Maite; Santesteban García, Gonzaga; Ascasíbar-Errasti, Javier; Errea, Pilar; Miranda Jiménez, Carlos; Pina, Ana; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB
Spanish pear germplasm collections are crucial for preservation, research, and breeding efforts. However, genetic diversity and structure is unknown at national level. A coordinated national project analyzed 1251 accessions from 7 Spanish pear collections using an internationally recognized set of 14 SSRs to enhance the utilization of these collections. Key findings included the identification of 760 unique genotypes (490 diploids and 270 triploids). Notably, genotypes represented by a single accession accounted for 49% of the total, indicating high vulnerability of this material. Using a Bayesian clustering method revealed two main genetic groups, G1 containing most foreign cultivars and G2 retaining local Spanish cultivars, which were further divided into two other subgroups using a nested approach, revealing moderate but significant differentiation among them. The populations were renamed according to the origin of the reference samples assigned to each group as 'South' (G1.1), 'Western Europe-1' (G1.2), 'Western Europe-2' (G2.1) and 'No-Pyrus communis' (G2.2). The results led to the creation of a 'generalist' collection, aiming to maximize genetic diversity representativeness, starting with 68 genotypes but expanding to 111 to achieve better allele recovery. This core collection is a valuable resource for genetic studies and conservation, enhancing efforts to preserve pear biodiversity.
Open Access
Dynamics of GFLV, GFkV, GLRaV-1, and GLRaV -3 grapevine viruses transport toward developing tissues
(Springer, 2023) Crespo Martínez, Sara; Ramírez Lacunza, Asier; Miranda Jiménez, Carlos; Urrestarazu Vidart, Jorge; Santesteban García, Gonzaga; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology - IMAB; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Viral diseases in grapevine cause large economic losses due to decreased irregular yield and unbalanced ripening, and can even lead to plant mortality. There is a large number of grapevine viral agents, and a few of them have a prominent impact due to their worldwide distribution, virulence, and incidence. Although previous research has evaluated variations in viral load between organs and time since infection, there is still a lack of knowledge on how the viruses are transported toward developing tissues. In this work, we present the results of two experiments that contribute to understanding the spread dynamics of four major grapevine viruses (GFLV, GFkV, GLRaV-1, and GLRaV -3). Bud and leaf tissues were sampled from shoots obtained from cv. ‘Garnacha’ cuttings known to be infected with one of these viruses. Bud samples taken at early development stages were used to understand short-distance transport, while leaves taken from young shoots represented long-distance transport, driven mainly through the phloem. Our results show that all viruses were able to invade tissues from the beginning of development. The dissemination ability of GFLV was considerable, as the viral load detected in young organs was as high as in the dormant shoot. Furthermore, for GFLV and GFkV, it was shown that the viral load in young shoots does not follow the general assumption of older tissues accumulating a higher viral load but, conversely, a higher viral load closer to the shoot tip might be driven by the sink strength.
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Dinamicy of grapevine genomes
(2009) Crespo Martínez, Sara; Enrique Martín, Alberto; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos; Nekazaritza Ingeniarien Goi Mailako Eskola Teknikoa; Ciencias del Medio Natural; Natura Ingurunearen Zientziak