Open Access
Fiber optic ammonia sensor using Bromocresol Green pH indicator
(IEEE, 2014-12-15) Rodríguez Rodríguez, Adolfo Josué; May Arrioja, Daniel A.; Domínguez Cruz, René; Ruiz Zamarreño, Carlos; Matías Maestro, Ignacio; Arregui San Martín, Francisco Javier; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa
We report a fiber optic sensor for low levels of ammonia gas detection based on the use a Bromocresol Green (BCG) pH indicator attached to the optical fiber employing hydrophobic and gas permeable polyurethane film named Tecoflex® as attraping matrix. Highly reproducible and reversible fiber optical sensors have been achieved employing simple and short fabrication processes. The advantage for employ a BCG pH indicator is to take advantage of the basicity of ammonia exhibiting a wide spectral response (500 nm-750 nm) and shows recovery times of less than 15 s. The Tecoflex® film provides additional advantages to be measured to the sensitive area of the sensor, such as operation even in extremely dry environments, efficient transport and prevent leakage or detachment of the BCG pH indicator. The combination of the BCG pH indicator and Tecoflex® film provides a reliable and robust fiber optic ammonia gas sensor.
Open Access
Beyond near-infrared lossy mode resonances with fluoride glass optical fiber
(Optica, 2021) Vitoria Pascual, Ignacio; Ruiz Zamarreño, Carlos; Ozcariz Celaya, Aritz; Imas González, José Javier; Matías Maestro, Ignacio; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
The objective of this Letter consists of the exploration of the lossy mode resonance (LMR) phenomenon beyond the nearinfrared region and specifically in the short wave infrared region (SWIR) and medium wave infrared region (MWIR). The experimental and theoretical results show for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, not only LMRs in these regions, but also the utilization of fluoride glass optical fiber associated with this phenomenon. The fabricated devices consist of a nanometric thin-film of titanium dioxide used as LMR generating material, which probed extraordinary sensitivities to external refractive index (RI) variations. RI sensitivity was studied in the SWIR and MWIR under different conditions, such as the LMR wavelength range or the order of resonance, showing a tremendous potential for the detection of minute concentrations of gaseous or biological compounds in different media.
Open Access
Micro sized interdigital capacitor for gases detection based on graphene oxide coating
(Springer, 2023) Vitoria Pascual, Ignacio; Armas, Dayron; Coronel Camones, Carlos Manuel; Algarra González, Manuel; Ruiz Zamarreño, Carlos; Matías Maestro, Ignacio; Mukhopadhyay, Subhas C.; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC
A micro sized interdigital capacitor sensible to CO2 and NO is studied in this work. The photolithography technique enables to obtain fingers with dimensions of 10 × 500 µm and separated 7 µm between them. The deposition of a film composed of graphene oxide particles as the dielectrics of the capacitor allows to measure the gas concentration of CO2 and NO mixed with N2. The sensors were characterized in a gas chamber with a constant flow, obtaining promising results in changes of capacitance at 100 Hz. The sensors have a good linearity and sensitivity with a R2 = 0.996 and 5.026·10-1 pF/ % v/v for CO2 and R2=0.972 and 1.433·10-1 pF/ppb for NO.
Embargo
Photoisomerization-induced LMR shift for UV radiation detection
(Elsevier, 2024) Gallego Martínez, Elieser Ernesto; Ruiz Zamarreño, Carlos; Matías Maestro, Ignacio; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren
This work presents an optical sensor for ultraviolet radiation (UV) detection, based on the combined effects of Lossy Mode Resonance (LMR) in the mid infrared (MIR) spectral region and the photoisomerization of a polymeric dye coating. LMR was obtained by means of a sputtered SnO2 thin film on a tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro (or alkoxy Vinyl Ether, PFA) substrate, along with a photo sensitive coating based on poly R-478. Obtained devices shown response and recovery times of 12 and 43 s, respectively, for an UV excitation of 71 mW at 365 nm. Sensitivity as a function of the excitation wavelength was studied with the highest value of 26 nm/mW obtained at 280 nm. For this excitation wavelength, the limit of detection (LoD) obtained was 0.024 mW. Four different excitation wavelengths were used to cover all UV regions (280, 310, 365 and 395 nm). All measurements were performed at room temperature and humidity (25 ¿C ± 1 ¿C and 13% R.H. ± 2% R.H. respectively). As far as we know, it is the first time that the LMR effect has been recognized in combination with a photoisomerization process.
Open Access
Automated forearm prosthesis controlling using fiber bragg grating sensor
(Sociedade Brasileira de Microondas e Optoeletrônica e Sociedade Brasileira de Eletromagnetismo, 2023) Valera Rialto Júnior, Péricles; Dureck, Eduardo Henrique; Kalinowski, Alessandra; Ruiz Zamarreño, Carlos; Socorro Leránoz, Abián Bentor; Cardozo da Silva, Jean Carlos; Lazzaretti, André Eugenio; Dreyer, Uilian José; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren
This paper describes the automation of a forearm prosthesis using the signal collected by a Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor. The FBG sensor is applied to one subject's forearm to measure the deformation as a result of the index and middle fingers when moved individually. It is possible to control a one joint model prosthesis allied to a compliant hand mechanism through signal analyses. Each finger movement has its features, such as its amplitude, which opens the possibility of using those to control different parts of the prosthesis, joint rotation by the middle finger, and compliant hand movement by the index finger. This paper presents results regarding prosthesis assembling, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) communication latency between prosthesis and computer and tests with pre-acquired and processed FBG signal data. The prosthesis wrist rotation movement is related to the middle finger signal, and its compliant mechanism actuation is due to index finger signal. The communication between prosthesis and the computer had a mean latency of 140 ms and a standard deviation of 18 ms. The results demonstrate the potential for using the sensor system and automated prosthesis in other applications involving real-time forearm sensing, multi-finger signal analysis, and prosthetic movement.
Open Access
Sensors based on thin-film coated cladding removed multimode optical fiber and single-mode multimode single-mode fiber: a comparative study
(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2015) Del Villar, Ignacio; Socorro Leránoz, Abián Bentor; Hernáez Sáenz de Zaitigui, Miguel; Corres Sanz, Jesús María; Ruiz Zamarreño, Carlos; Sánchez Zábal, Pedro; Arregui San Martín, Francisco Javier; Matías Maestro, Ignacio; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa
Two simple optical fibre structures that do not require the inscription of a grating, a cladding removed multimode optical fibre (CRMOF) and a single-mode multimode single-mode structure (SMS), are compared in terms of their adequateness for sensing once they are coated with thin-films.The thin-film deposited (TiO2/PSS) permits increasing the sensitivity to surrounding medium refractive index. The results obtained can be extrapolated to other fields such as biological or chemical sensing just by replacing the thin-film by a specific material.
Open Access
SnO2 based optical fiber refractometers
(SPIE, 2012) Sánchez Zábal, Pedro; Ruiz Zamarreño, Carlos; Hernáez Sáenz de Zaitigui, Miguel; Del Villar, Ignacio; Matías Maestro, Ignacio; Arregui San Martín, Francisco Javier; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
In this work, the fabrication and characterization of refractometers based on lossy mode resonances (LMR) is presented. Tin dioxide (SnO2) films deposited on optical fibers are used as the LMR supporting coatings. These resonances shift to the red as a function of the external refractive index, enabling the fabrication of robust and highly reproducible wavelength-based optical fiber refractometers. The obtained SnO2-based refractometer shows an average sensitivity of 7198 nm/refractive index unit (RIU) in the range 1.333-1.420 RIU.
Open Access
Lossy mode resonance generation with indium tin oxide coated optical fibers for sensing applications
(IEEE, 2010) Del Villar, Ignacio; Ruiz Zamarreño, Carlos; Hernáez Sáenz de Zaitigui, Miguel; Arregui San Martín, Francisco Javier; Matías Maestro, Ignacio; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa
Surface plasmon resonances and lossy mode resonances can be generated with Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) coated optical fibers. Both phenomena are analyzed and compared. Lossy mode resonances present important advantages: they do not require a specific polarization of light, it is possible to generate multiple attenuation bands in the transmission spectrum, and the sensitivity of the device to external parameters can be tuned. The key parameter is the thickness of the ITO coating. The work is supported with both theoretical and experimental results. The main purposes are sensing and generation of multiple-wavelength filters.
Open Access
Generation of lossy mode resonances (LMR) using perovskite nanofilms
(Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2024) Armas, Dayron; Matías Maestro, Ignacio; López-González, M. Carmen; Ruiz Zamarreño, Carlos; Zubiate Orzanco, Pablo; Del Villar, Ignacio; Romero, Beatriz; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren
The results presented here show for the first time the experimental demonstration of the fabrication of lossy mode resonance (LMR) devices based on perovskite coatings deposited on planar waveguides. Perovskite thin films have been obtained by means of the spin coating technique and their presence was confirmed by ellipsometry, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction testing. The LMRs can be generated in a wide wavelength range and the experimental results agree with the theoretical simulations. Overall, this study highlights the potential of perovskite thin films for the development of novel LMR-based devices that can be used for environmental monitoring, industrial sensing, and gas detection, among other applications.
Open Access
Tunable optical fiber pH sensors based on TE and TM Lossy Mode Resonances (LMRs)
(Elsevier, 2016) Zubiate Orzanco, Pablo; Ruiz Zamarreño, Carlos; Del Villar, Ignacio; Matías Maestro, Ignacio; Arregui San Martín, Francisco Javier; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa
In this paper, a high sensitivity optical fiber pH sensor based on lossy mode resonance (LMR) generated with transversal electric (TE) and transversal magnetic (TM) polarized light is presented. Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH)/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) polymeric thin-films fabricated onto side-polished Dshaped optical fibers are used as pH-sensitive as well as LMR supporting coatings. The adequate selection of the pH-sensitive coating fabrication parameters enables to obtain devices working at different pH regions. Two devices have been obtained in order to measure pH from 4.0 to 5.0 and from 7.0 to 8.0 respectively. Obtained optical fiber pH sensors based on TE and TM LMRs showed a maximum sensitivity of 69 nm/pH, which means a resolution of ∼0.0008 pH units by using a conventional communications Optical Spectrum Analyzer (OSA) with 0.06 nm resolution.